Unyinji wa nyutironi ndi, purotoni, elekitironi - kuti ndi ofanana?

Monga izo zimachitika zokha kukumana ndi chinthu chosadziwika, choncho palibe Onetsetsani kuti mercantile m'dzikoli funso - ndi momwe izo akulemera. Koma ngati ndi osadziwika - ndi maziko tinthu, ndiye chiyani? Ndipo kanthu, funso n'lakuti: kodi ndi unyinji wa tinthu lapansi. Ngati munthu chinkhoswe mu kuwerengera ndalama anapalamula anthu kukwaniritsa chidwi kuphunzira yeniyeni kuyeza ambirimbiri particles pulayimale, ndiye mukudziwa kuti, mwachitsanzo, nyutironi misa mu makilogalamu ndi chiwerengero mpweya wa ziro pambuyo mfundo decimal, mtengo anthu zodula kuposa yomanga mtengo kwambiri ndi nambalayi wa ziro patsogolo mfundo decimal.

Zonse zinayamba amangotchula kwambiri: mu zasayansi lotsogoleredwa ndi J. Dzh.Tomsonom mu 1897 ankaphunzira kunyezimira cathode .. chifukwa The anatsimikiza ndi zonse chilengedwe cha chilengedwe - chiŵerengero wa elekitironi misa kulipiritsa chiŵerengero. Isanafike kudziwa unyinji wa elekitironi ndi pafupifupi pano - kudziwa mlandu wake. Patatha zaka 12, Robert Millikan anali kuchita izo. Iye ayesa kugwa m'munda magetsi m'malovu mafuta, ndipo iye anali wokhoza osati pofuna kukwaniritsa kulemera kwa ubwino wa kuthengo, komanso kuti miyezo zofunika ndi woonda kwambiri. chifukwa awo - phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva za unyinji wa elekitironi ndi:

ine = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Nthawi iyi, ndipo maphunziro a dongosolo la phata atomiki, amene wakhala akuchita upainiya Ernest Rutherford. Iye ndiye anali kuyang'ana kubalalika wa particles mlandu, wakhala akufuna chitsanzo cha atomu ndi akunja elekitironi chipolopolo ndi phata positive. The tinthu, imene mapulaneti atomiki chitsanzo wakhala akufuna udindo phata losavuta atomu bombardment analandira pa otaya asafe wa alpha-ray. Aka kanali koyamba nyukiliya anachita kuwapeza zasayansi - chifukwa chake kuwapeza asafe ndi mpweya mtima tsogolo maatomu wa hydrogen, mapulotoni izi. Komabe, Alpha cheza zigwirizana particles lovuta Kuwonjezera mapulotoni ziwiri zili awiri nyutironi zina. Nyutironi misa pafupifupi wofanana ndi unyinji wa purotoni ndi ndi kulemera okwana alpha-tinthu olimba analandira ndithu kuti awononge pachimake ndi kumatsutsana Chip kutali "chidutswa" ndipo izo zinachitika.

Ikuyenda mapulotoni zabwino anapanduka ndi munda magetsi, akulipira kuchimwa kunachititsa ndi yokoka. Mu zatsopano izi kudziwa misa purotoni ndi sikovuta. Koma chidwi kwambiri ndi funso la mtundu wanji wa ubale ndi misa ya purotoni ndi elekitironi. Mwambi yomweyo anathana: ndi pulotoni misa kuposa misa ya elekitironi pang'ono kuposa nthawi 1836.

Choncho, poyamba, atomu chitsanzo ankaganiza ndi Rutherford ngati zinthu zosiyanasiyana za purotoni anakhala ndi zochuluka mofana ndi mapulotoni ndi ma elekitironi. Komabe, posachedwapa kunapezeka kuti chitsanzo chachikulu nyukiliya Kodi zovuta kufotokoza zotsatira onse anaona pa ankachita wa particles pulayimale. Only mu 1932, Dzheyms Chedvik anatsimikizira amanena za particles zina mwa phata la. Iwo ankatchedwa neutrons, mapulotoni, ndale, kuyambira iwo analibe mlandu. Ndi mfundo zimenezi zimachititsa ozama kwambiri - iwo sitichitira mphamvu zawo pa ionization colliding maatomu. nyutironi misa pang'ono okha kuposa purotoni misa - okwana pafupifupi 2.6 elekitironi misa zambiri.

The katundu mankhwala zinthu ndi mankhwala amene anapanga ndi chinthu ichi, anatsimikiza ndi nambala ya mapulotoni mu phata la atomu ya. M'kupita kwa nthawi, anatsimikizira nawo purotoni mu olimba ndi zina lofunika ankachita: atomu, Mphamvu ndi ofooka. Choncho, ngakhale kuti mtengo wa nyutironi olumikizidwa ku makina, ndi pulotoni ndi nyutironi ankachita amphamvu imatengedwa ngati maziko tinthu nucleon limati osiyana kwadzidzidzi. Mbali ya kufanana kwa khalidwe la particles izi ndi chifukwa chakuti unyinji wa nyutironi ndi zochepa osiyana misa purotoni lapansi. purotoni bata amalola ntchito chisanadze mofulumira kuti imathamanga mkulu, monga particles bombarding kwa zochita nyukiliya.