Venezuela a zachuma: mwachidule ndi chitukuko

Venezuela - mmodzi wa mayiko waukulu mu Africa South America. Amakhala ndi zilumba zingapo mu Nyanja Caribbean, yaikulu ya wotchedwa Margarita. Dziko dera 916 sq M.. kukafika kumalire ndi Brazil ndi Colombia. Kumayambiriro a 2017 anthu anali atachoka miliyoni 31 anthu.

Monga mbali ya mabwalo feduro kutsogoleredwa ndi Pulezidenti Nicolas Maduro, 21 ndodo. Maziko a anthu Venezuelans (ana a Amwenye ndi Spain) - 67% a ku Ulaya - 21% ya anthu akuda - 10%.

Nyengo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe

M'chigawo chapakati ndi chigwa m'dera mtsinje Orinoco. Kuchokera kumpoto, kumadzulo Tambasula Caribbean Andes mapiri Cordillera de A Merida, mu gawo kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Gvinskogo lalitali yachonde.

Nyengo ofunda boma yamphamvu. Ambiri mwa chaka kumpoto kwa dziko amadwala chilala, pamene mu zigawo chapakati nyengo pafupipafupi mvula.

The zomera chivundikiro ali wolemera zosiyanasiyana: mitengoyi, xerophytic, zokoma mitengo, youma savannah wamtali, deciduous nkhalango zotentha, Gilea etc ...

Chitukuko cha chuma Venezuela

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti anafotokoza m'dziko Latin America - woyamba mafuta amagulitsa. M'zaka za m'ma XVI mbiya woyamba wa golide wakuda wakhala anawoloka theka dziko pa njira Madrid. Mu zaka XVII-XVIII, waukulu katundu zinthu zinali enaake ndi shuga, pang'ono kenako - koko ndi khofi. Mu 1922, pafupi ndi nyanja Maracaibo Cabimas m'mudzi wina wa minda yaikulu mafuta apezeka, yomwe chinali chiyambi cha Boom mafuta ndipo anasintha kwambiri chuma Venezuela.

Location kumunda umakhala pafupi nyanja, otsika muyezo wa moyo (ntchito wotchipa) ndi mkulu angathe zitsime chikwiyire kufunira makampani mafuta. M'zaka za Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World apezeka ndi kuika mu minda ntchito yatsopano, Patapita zaka zingapo anafika malo okwana 68 zikwi sq M.. Km.

Mu malire apansi waukulu madipoziti chitsulo miyalayo Orinoco Mtsinje anali azindikira kuti chitukuko imene yomweyo intercepted ndi kuphangira US. Monga wa 1970 buku la ndalama zakunja chuma cha chitukuko Venezuela anali $ biliyoni 5.5. 11% ya anati ndalama zokwana US.

Kuyambira 1975-1980 iye. State anali ndi udindo waukulu pa kutukula Latin America. Mwakhama anayamba kukhala zomangamanga.

Chinthu chofunika panjira ufulu wodzilamulira ndi ulamuliro dziko anali nationalization wa mafuta ndi chitsulo makampani miyala. Maziko a zachuma ku Venezuela tsopano atagona kulamulira dziko. M'mafakitale ambiri, makampani akunja tinaitanidwa kugonjera 80% pamtengo mu nzika za dziko kwa zaka zitatu.

Tengani ndi Tumizani

Akatswiri amanena kuti 50% ya chuma Venezuela a - ndi malonda yachilendo. gawo mkango wa malonda nkhani mafuta ndi mankhwala ofanana, kufunika chitsulo miyala. Mu mndandanda katundu - khofi, koko, asibesitosi, golide, shuga, nthochi, mpunga, zikopa, ng'ombe, nkhalango.

imports patsogolo - chamagetsi, magalimoto ndi zigawo ndi zipangizo za mafuta, mafakitale katundu wa mowa ambiri. kuwonjezeka imports chakudya Chaka chilichonse, T. Kwa. Agriculture ndi ikuchepa ndipo sangathe kukwaniritsa zofuna za anthu. Kwambiri ndalama zogula kudawerengedwa kwa United States - madola oposa biliyoni 3.5 pachaka.

makampani extractive

The mankhwala chachikulu cha makampani migodi - chitsulo miyala. M'minda ikuluikulu El Pao, San Ysidro ndi Cerro Bolivar malasha yotengedwa lotseguka njira ndi lili 70% chitsulo. Pachaka kupanga wake ndi matani mamiliyoni 15-17, 90% zimene zimagulitsidwa ku America ndi ku Ulaya.

M'dera Upaty (Guiana okwera) ncho manganese miyala. The Caribbean Andes wochepa m'zigawo faifi tambala ikuchitika, kutsogolera nthaka, asibesitosi, siliva. M'dera wakunja kwatawuni wa San Cristobal anayamba phosphorite miyala.

Gold migodi amachitika El Callao. Apa mwachangu ikupita patsogolo diamondi kupanga (700-800 zikwi carats pa chaka). Mu Kuchivero beseni anapeza gawo lalikulu la mwala wamtengo wapatali ndi diamondi limodzi ndi malungo. Kwa zaka zingapo Venezuela ali yaikulu diamondi katundu malo mwa mayiko Latin American.

opanga

Malinga ndi zina zambiri pa chuma Venezuela mpaka ayenga 2013., mankhwala ndi malonda makina zomanga ndi osauka kwambiri. Komabe, oposa 50% ya mtengo lalikulu la mankhwala amapereka nsalu, chakudya, nkhuni, chikopa ndi nsapato makampani.

Development yaikulu kwambiri madipoziti chitsulo miyala anapereka kutsogolera chitukuko cha mafakitale zitsulo. M'dera la zomera zingapo ndi wathunthu mkombero ndipo ankalamulira ng'anjo ya magetsi, zomera zotayidwa, ndi zina zotero D..

kupanga

Pa mtima wa chitukuko cha luso lopanga malonda galimoto msonkhano. chuma Venezuela angathe mwachidule anafotokoza kuti analandira zomera thandizo kwa kupanga zipangizo zaulimi, mathirakitala, zida zomangamanga, zida ndi zina zotero. D. makampani osauka amene kupanga TV ndi mawailesi zida. A kumanga zikuluzikulu migodi, mafuta ndi opanga makampani kumapangitsa chilengedwe cha malo mafakitale kwa yopanga zomangira.

ziweto

Kuswana ng'ombe ndi 55% amasonyeza mtengo wa ulimi. minda ndi anaikira mu Llanos.

mkaka ulimi m'dera - chigwa cha Caracas, mabeseni ya Valencia ndi Maracaibo. Kumalo amenewa okhometsa mbalame mumzindawu azipeza mazira ndi nyama. Louma Caribbean Coast (State wa Lara), wotchuka chifukwa waukulu mbuzi ndi nkhosa minda. Pa zaka 15 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa ziweto kwambiri katswiri poyerekeza mbewu. Kuchuluka kachigawo misa kufamuwa kuti ntchito njira yamakono ya kulima ndi kusamalira nyama.

Nsomba chitukuko kumpoto kwa dziko (kugombe la Venezuela, Maracaibo nyanja). Zabwino zimakhudza motani Venezuela amasiku ano ndi kambuku nkhanu - kwambiri ofunika ulemu ndi gourmets mankhwala.

zamanja Forest sapatsidwa zofunika kwambiri. Workpiece tannins, vanila, guayabovoy utomoni ndi mphira ntchito popanga mafutawa ndi mankhwala, ikuchitika ndalama kochepa.

mbewu

boma lili ndi umboni kwa Latin America nambala olimapo. Kukonzedwa yekha magawo atatu a iwo. Malinga ndi malipoti aposachedwapa a ku Venezuela mbewu chuma imatengedwa nchito kwambiri m'mbuyo.

45% wa mtengo wa ulimi amapereka ulimi. 2/3 olimapo wambiri kumpoto. Mu Llanos mbewu chitukuko m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo ndi pa phazi la Andes. M'dera vuto - chilala choopsa. Pofuna kuthetsa Boma zachitika dongosolo kukhazikitsidwa kwa kasamalidwe madzi kwa zaka 30 ndi kumanga madamu ndi machitidwe ulimi wothirira gulu kuti mahekitala 2 miliyoni a m'dzikolo.

Chachisanu cha malo wotanganidwa ndi waukulu katundu mbewu - koko ndi khofi. Zopangira kwa onunkhira zotsitsimutsa chakumwa umakhala limati lamapiri la kumpoto chakumadzulo. Zopangira chifukwa ambiri a chokoleti mu dziko akupita ku madera a ku Caribbean. Mu mbewu ya thonje Llanos chakula zaka 8-10, fodya ndi sisal.

zoyendera

Pa gawo la Venezuela zikutanthauza kulankhulana amafalitsidwa omangidwa. Ndende pazipita misewu ndi njanji - kumpoto. Yotsirizira aafupi, unconnected mzere kutalika 1.4 zikwi. Km. Zonyamula ndi ¾ katundu mwa msewu.

Orinoco Mtsinje - waukulu mkati waterway, kutumiza magalimoto anakhalabe pa nyanja Maracaibo ndi Valencia. Chosowa ndi osauka khalidwe la njanji dziko kulipidwa cabotage mwa nyanja. The lonse la nyanja wamalonda zombo ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri atatu mu America South. Pakuti katundu wa mafuta ndi mankhwala ofanana zili ndi madoko 23, kuti katundu ndi matanthauzo mankhwala ena - ngakhale 8.

Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa chuma cha Venezuela ali limasonyeza kuti mpweya m'madera akumidzi kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa. ndege zonse kulumikiza likulu ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu, minda mafuta ndi malo migodi.

mavuto azachuma

2013th anakhala chaka koopsya kwa chuma ku Venezuela. mavuto chatithandizira muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu. Ndi kusakhulupirika opulumutsidwa ndi kukwera mtengo okha waukulu katundu chofunika - mafuta. Kale chaka chino, pamaso pa Kubwera kwa ngongole Maduro dziko la pagulu anakwana 70% ya GDP pamene kuchepekedwa bajeti 14%. Kumapeto kwa kufufuma 2013th anali 56,3%. Imeneyi, Nyumba ya Malamulo anapatsa mphamvu mwadzidzidzi pulezidenti ina. Kukumana zoyembezereka za mamilioni omwe adzaponye chisanko, ndi guarantor waneneratu ndi amanyansidwa zachuma, omwe anali anayambitsa malire pa phindu la mabungwe omwe siaboma 30%. M'dziko panali kuchepa pachimake cha uphungu wofunikira - shuga, batala, chimbudzi pepala. Maboma anagwirizana ananena kuti chifukwa kugwa kwa chuma Venezuela wa chivundi, nkhambakamwa ndi upandu ndi nkhondo yosatha ndalama ndi boma. Maduro anayambitsa pulogalamu kumenyana chabe. Patapita mwezi umodzi wa utumiki watsopano malonda Daka maukonde anali nationalized. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa masamba pa katundu 100% mmalo mwa chovomerezeka 30% pa chuma ndi kasamalidwe amagulako anamangidwa.

2015: kugwa mu mitengo mafuta

Mu 2014, Venezuela chuma, limene bwinobwino anasamukira ku mbali mwa mavutowo, anagwedeza nkhonya wina. World mitengo mafuta kuti zikuchepa anakana. Poyerekeza ndi chaka chatha ndalama kuchokera zogulitsa kunja wakuda golide anatsika ndi 1/3. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchepekedwa bajeti ya gombe chapakati nkhani ngongole yaitali, chifukwa mu kufufuma 150% (deta boma monga la September 2015). Kutenga pofuna wina zithetsedwe kufufuma, boma kukhala dongosolo zovuta kuwombola yachilendo. Kale patapita mlungu umodzi nduna kuwombola dollar mlingo wopyola msika kuposa nthawi 100. Kutsatira mfundo za Chavismo, nyumba yamalamulo lotsogoleredwa ndi pulezidenti okha mitengo chakudya kuposa anayambitsa kuchepekedwa okwana uphungu wofunikira.

2016: zinthu likuipiraipira

Mu January, anachoka Socialist Luis Salas amasankhidwa mutu Utumiki wa Economy. Yagwirizana ndi mamembala ena a zida loyang'anira Maduro boma amaona chifukwa mavuto a zachuma Venezuela mu chiwembu, ndi ku Ulaya nkhondo chuma ndi dziko lake.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero IMF, mu 2016 ku GDP kugwa likuyandikira 20%, kukwera ulova - 25%, ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti ndi 18% ya GDP. Kufufuma ya 550% mu okwana ngongole kunja kuposa $ biliyoni 130 tsiku lililonse kukankhira chuma Venezuela kwa kusakhulupirika.

Banknote kwambiri makhalidwe - 100 bolivars ofunika 17 US masenti. Hyperinflation negates mphamvu pogula kwa nzika zonse. Malinga ndi Center m'dera lanu Kumasulira ndi Analysis (Cendas) zofunika dengu chakudya kwa banja ndi wofunika nthawi eyiti malipiro osachepera.

Masiku ano: zimayambitsa mavutowo

Zinthu zazikulu zimene imfayo destabilization chuma, ndi structural ndi ndale maziko, makamaka, ndi kudalira pa katundu dontho lakuthwa mu mitengo mafuta dziko, ndi okwana boma kulamulira kupanga ndiponso kugulitsa katundu chakudya.

Chifukwa zinthu akuchuluka chuma Venezuela kumayambiriro 2017 ndi kukana kwa Pulezidenti Maduro kukachititsa referendum pa kusinthidwa kwa Inde ndale za boma akhala misa zionetsero m'mizinda ikuluikulu. zochita oposa miliyoni nzika osakhutira za akuluakulu a anatenga misewu mtawuni ndi zofunikira za masitolo katundu wofunikira - ufa, mazira, mkaka ndi mankhwala.

Chitsutso limanenela mutu nkoyenera a boma kufunafuna malamulo odana ndi chikhalidwe wopondereza Ugo Chavesa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti sagwirizana kuti kulimbikitsa ndi kuchepa kwa mitengo mafuta. Poyankha, Nicolas Maduro amawanena apamwamba dziko mu Kunyanyala za cuma kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zawo njira zakatangale.