Wambiri Mwachidule: Pol Verlen

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, France ali kwambiri a akuyimba luso, omwe anali okongola ndi chidwi mbiri. Pol Verlen anali mmodzi wa olemba a chi yabwino kwambiri. Nzosadabwitsa iye analengeza "Kalonga wa olemba ndakatulo" ndi otchuka mwini mbali zophiphiritsa. Komabe, ngakhale theoretician kapena mtsogoleri, iye sanali.

Zilandiridwenso ndi moyo wa mfundo ndakatulo ndi inextricably zogwirizana. Kukhala osakhazikika ndi mokhudza chikhalidwe (kotero amatiuza yonena wake), Pol Verlen zonse akodwa mu zotsutsana za khalidwe lake ndi tsoka, ndipo inagwa tizivutika ndi mavuto aakulu moyo. Koma ananena Anatole France: "Ndi zosavomerezeka kutsatira muyezo womwewo kuti ndakatulo ndi anthu oganiza. Paulo zambiri kutali ife, monga ndi apamwamba kwambiri ndi kwambiri m'munsi kuposa nthawi yomweyo tonsefe. Anakomoka ndipo motero ndakatulo amene wabadwa kamodzi mu zaka zana. "

Childhood ndi unyamata

Pol Verlen anabadwa mu Metz mu 1844. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya bambo ake (iye anali kadaulo nkhondo), banja lonse anasamukira nthawi zonse, mpaka mu 1851 si anakakhala Paris. Apa ndakatulo tsogolo zaka kusukulu. Mu 1862 iye analandira digiri yoyamba mu mabuku. Kale unyamata wake m'minda anaonekera predilection ntchito zolembalemba. Iye anawerenga ndakatulo C. Baudelaire, komanso ndakatulo parnassians T. Gautier ndi T. de A Bonneville. Kumapeto kwa 1862 wolemba ndakatulo tsogolo amapita ku mphamvu ya Chilamulo kuphunzira malamulo, koma mavuto azachuma iye kupereka maphunziro ake ndi ntchito yawo.

buku loyamba

Mu 1866, Paulo m'magazini yotchedwa "Modern Parnassus." Iye limafalitsa ndalama zake zosonkhanitsira "Saturnian ndakatulo." Mu buku loyamba Verlaine chimasonyeza la wolemba-Parnassian andakatulo amene anakana "wongodzinenera ndakatulo" ndi chikondi "Povunduka mtima." Malinga ndi iwo, muyezo waukulu kukongola - ndi ungwiro wa mawonekedwe, "mogwirizana pakati pa zotengera malingaliridwe ndi cholinga." ndakatulo oyambirira a Paulo Verlaine momveka bwino kuganizira mfundo imeneyi. Komabe, wolemba ndakatulo limapezeka kalembedwe wapachiyambi, yodziwika ndi melancholic kamvekedwe ndi luso kusonyeza wowerenga kayendedwe chinsinsi cha moyo chake "nyimbo".

ntchito watsopano

Mu 60s mochedwa Paulo amagwirizana ndi magazini angapo zolembalemba. Komanso pa ndalama zawo, iye mabuku mu 1869 magulu "maholide Zabwino." Pakuti ndakatulo anali yodziwika ndi wozingwa, mawonekedwe ankasewera kulola chitachitika kamvekedwe. Wolemba ndakatulo amayesetsa chosatheka mu chikhalidwe nyimbo versification.

Panthawi imeneyi Verlaine anakumana ndi mtsikana wa zaka 16 zakubadwa, Matilda. Inayamba kukhudzika kwa chikondi anauzira Paulo kulemba gulu latsopano "Good Song". The ndakatulo amene ali m'bukuli, ndi kayimbidwe kotani wamba. Choncho mawu ofewa ndi m'nyimbo.

Ukwati ndi kukumana ndi Rimbaud

Chilimwe 1870 Buku la "Nyimbo Zabwino" imafalitsidwa ndi Verlaine kamodzi kukwatira Matilda. Young kukhazikika mu Paris, koma inayamba wa Franco-Prussian nkhondo amakakamiza kuti adzapulumuke wazingidwa. Pambuyo 1871 minda wozingwa kumawonjezera. Iwo zimathandiza moyo wa munthu sizinatero komanso imfa ya Paris kulankhula.

Mabanja kwambiri kumva atakomana Paulo ndi mzake ndakatulo French. Izi anali wotchuka Artyur Rembo. Anarchism ndi nihilism olimba - izi ndi awiri maganizo maudindo, omwe amakhala ndi zinthu Arthur ndi mbiri yake. Pol Verlen, anakankhira wamng'ono namatetule, anafuna kuleka ndi mwambo ndakatulo. Iye anaganizira akuganizira zili za ndakatulo zake.

Chiyambireni cha 1872 Pol Verlen ndi Artyur Rembo ataye nthawi zonse pamodzi. Amapita kwambiri kwa England ndi Belgium. Rambo ananena kuti Paulo ayenera kupeza njira yatsopano ya ndakatulo. Kawirikawiri kulimbana ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere, mpaka pachimake zimachitika pakati pa kumuyalutsa mu 1873. Paulo Arthur akuwombera ndi mabala iye paphewa. Pa izi Verlaine kuvala kundende zaka ziwiri. Pa adzamasulidwa ku January 1875.

Romance popanda Mawu

ndi ndakatulo onse a Paulo Verlaine wabwino, koma m'gulu zosonkhanitsira "Romance popanda Mawu" ndi ndakatulo imene adakwaniritsa bwino. msonkhamsonkha inafalitsidwa mu 1874, pamene wolemba anali mu ndende. Mu ndime kuwomba zolemba wozingwa chisoni ndi chisokonezeko mwachidule. Ena mwa ntchito zake amafanana mitunda Impressionist, yokutidwa ndi Chifunga imvi, kapena kusungunuka mu chifunga. Pankhaniyi, momveka unkagwiritsidwa ntchito mbali zithunzi chinenero ndi chizolowezi kaphatikizidwe zithunzi zithunzi ndi mawu.

"Ndakatulo Art" ndi "watsoka andakatulo"

Mu 1882, Paulo lofalitsidwa ndakatulo "ndakatulo Art", umene wakhala symbolist andakatulo achinyamata Ndondomeko imeneyi. Ngakhale Paulo sanapite kulangiza otsatira ake kuchita potsanzira kulenga. Ndi bwino kuti alenge choyambirira anu kalembedwe. Mu chaka chomwecho anabwera vuto la "andakatulo chaotayika", Mlembi yonenedwa atsopano andakatulo sukulu Symbolist nalemekeza T. Korber, Rimbaud, Mallarmé S. neri Al. The bwino zino walola Paulo kufalitsa mwa ntchito zawo ndi kulipidwa zabwino ndalama. Tikhoza kunena kuti mawu a zachuma, iyi inali nthawi yabwino mu moyo a ndakatulo iyi. Izi itha mbiri yake. Pol Verlen anamwalira mu 1896 ku chibayo.