Wambiri ndi zilandiridwenso Karamzina N. M. Karamzin List ntchito

mawu bwino monga chikondi, osangalatsa, ngakhale chikondi, nthawi zambiri ntchito. Koma anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti kukanakhala kuti Nikolai Karamzin, mwina iwo sibwenzi anaonekera mu dikishonare ya anthu Russian. Karamzin zilandiridwenso poyerekeza ndi ntchito za kwambiri sentimentalist Sterne, ndiponso anaika olemba pa siteji imodzi. Ndi maganizo kwambiri mawunikidwe, iye anatha kulemba bukhu loyamba "History ya boma Russian." Karamzin anatero popanda kufotokoza osiyana siteji mbiri wa m'nthawi ya chimene iye anali, ndi kupereka chithunzi chosonyeza mkhalidwe kupenta mbiri.

Ubwana ndi unyamata N. Karamzin

Malo amene namatetule wa December 12, 1766. Iye anakula ndipo wophunzira m'nyumba ya bambo ake Mikhail Zhukovsky, amene anali wopuma mkulu. Nikolai mayi ake anamwalira, choncho kwathunthu chinkhoswe mu maphunziro a papa.

Mwamsanga pamene ndinaphunzira kuwerenga, mnyamata nalitenga laibulale ya amake, amene anali French mabuku, ntchito ya Emin, Rollin. maphunziro a kupulayimale analandira kunyumba, Nikolai, kenako anaphunzira Simbirsk wolemekezeka chiphaso sukulu, ndiyeno, mu 1778, iye anatumizidwa kwa pulofesa chiphaso kusukulu Moscow.

Ngakhale ndili mwana anakhala chidwi mbiri. Izi zinathandiza kuti buku mbiri Emin.

Nditchimo maganizo a Nicholas sanakupatseni iwo kukhala kwa nthawi yaitali pansi, anayamba kuphunzira chinenero, ndinapita kumva nkhani pa University Moscow.

ntchito Early

Karamzin zilandiridwenso zimachokera kwa nthawi pamene anatumikira mu Preobrazhensky alonda Regiment Petersburg. Nthawi imeneyi, Nikolai Mikhailovich akuyamba kuyesa nokha ku ntchito ya wolemba.

Chinathandiza mapangidwe Karamzin monga wojambula ndi mawu chikondi, kuti n'kupezeka Moscow. Ena mwa anzake anali Novikov, A. Petrov, A. Kutuzov. Pa nthawi yomweyo analowa ntchito chikhalidwe - anathandiza yokonza ndi Nsanja ya Olonda ndi ana "Kuwerenga Ana a mumtima ndi m'maganizo."

Nthawi ya utumiki sanali kokha chiyambi cha ntchito yolenga Nikolaya Karamzina, komanso kupangidwa monga munthu, kunapangitsa kuchita zambiri za anzake, zomwe zinali zothandiza. Pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake, Nicholas anaganiza zosiya utumiki, konse kwa izo. Mu kuwala nthawi ya zinaoneka ngati kufika ndi kovuta anthu. Koma ndani akudziwa, ngati iye sanali kusiya utumiki, izo akhoza kufalitsa Mabaibulo wake woyamba, komanso nyimbo ija, yomwe inachokera chidwi ndi nkhani zakale?

Ulendo kwa Europe

Moyo ndi zilandiridwenso Karamzin mwadzidzidzi anasintha miyoyo yawo kabwerebwere, pamene kuchokera 1789 mpaka 1790. Iye amapita ku Europe. Paulendo, wolembayo amapezeka Immanuel Kant, amene anamuika chidwi chidwi. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, tebulo kuchuluka ndi kusinthidwa ndi kukhalapo mu France pa French kuukira boma, analemba wake "Makalata a Traveler Russian". Inali ntchito imeneyi kumupanga iye wotchuka.

Amakhulupirira kuti ili ndi Bukhu la atamatula nyengo yatsopano ya mabuku Russian. Si popanda chifukwa, kuyambira zolemba izi msewu osati wotchuka mu Europe, komanso anapeza otsatira awo mu Russia. Pakati pawo, A. Griboyedov, F. Glinka, V. Izmailov ndi ena ambiri.

Choncho "kukula miyendo" ndipo poyerekeza ndi Karamzin Stern. "Chimatsogoleredwa Ulendo" posachedwapa pa nkhani ya mankhwala anati Karamzin.

Atafika ku Russia

Akubwerera kwawo, Karamzin wasankha kuthetsa mu Moscow, kumene anapitiriza ntchito yake zolembalemba. Komanso, anakhala katswiri wolemba mtolankhani. Koma apogee wa nyengo imeneyi, ndithudi, buku la "Moscow Journal" - woyamba Russian mabuku magazini, amene lofalitsidwa ntchito ndi Karamzin.

Mu yomweyi, iye anamasulidwa Zotsatira ndi anthologies kuti Alimbikitsa ngati bambo chimatsogoleredwa mabuku Russian. Pakati pawo, "Aglaia", "Pantheon mabuku yachilendo", "opanda pake wanga" ndipo ena.

Komanso, Mfumu Alexander I inakhazikitsa mutu wa khoti mbiri kwa Karamzin. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti popeza palibe munthu walandira udindo umenewu. Zimenezi zinalimbitsa malo ndalama Nicholas Mikhailovich, komanso analimbitsa ake pa anthu.

Karamzin zolembalemba

Ku malo wolembayo Karamzin anagwirizana pamene iye anali mu utumiki, ngati pofuna kuyesa ndekha m'munda umenewu akhala bwino pa yunivesite.

zilandiridwenso Karamzin akhoza kugawidwa mu mizere zitatu:

• zopeka, lomwe ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya cholowa (mu mndandanda: nkhani, mabuku);
• ndakatulo - ndi laling'ono kwambiri;
• zopeka, olemba mbiri.

Ambiri, chikoka cha ntchito zake mabuku Russian angayerekezedwe ndi chikoka cha anthu Catherine - zasintha kuti apanga makampani uweme.

Karamzin - wolemba, anakhala mfundo kuyambira ofotokoza latsopano Russian, nyengo amene ulipobe.

Sentimentalism ntchito za Karamzin

Karamzin Nikolay Mihaylovich anatembenuka chidwi cha olemba ndipo chotsatira, ndipo owerenga awo pa mphamvu monga wamphamvu wokhalapo. Ndi mbali iyi, ndipo ndi lofunika kwambiri sentimentalism kudzalekanitsa izo kuchokera classicism lapansi.

Pa mtima wa munthu wabwinobwino, masoka ndi bwino za moyo wa munthu ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zomveka, ndi kutulutsidwa kwa malingaliro ndi zikhumbo, kuwongolera mbali chibadwidwe wa munthu monga, lopatsidwa mwa chilengedwe ndipo ndi chibadwa.

The ngwazi salinso lililonse. payekha wake, kupereka wapadera. Nkhani yake si opanda mphamvu zake, ndiponso kupangitsa, kuphunzitsa dziko kumva mochenjera, kuwathandiza.

Mapulogalamu mankhwala a sentimentalism mabuku Russian akuti ndi "Osauka Liza". mawu zimenezi si zoona kwathunthu. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, amene ntchito kwenikweni chakumene pambuyo buku la "Makalata Traveler Russian", anadziwana sentimentalism zolemba Podorozhniy.

ndakatulo Karamzin

Karamzin ndakatulo zatenga malo kuli ntchito yake. Koma musachepetse kufunika kwake. Monga prose ndakatulo Karamzin neophyte amakhala sentimentalism.

Ndakatulo ya nthawi lolunjika pa Lomonosov, Derzhavin, pamene Nikolai Mikhailovich amasintha Inde kwa sentimentalism European. The reorientation a makhalidwe mabuku. M'malo zakunja dziko zomveka, wolemba delves mu dziko mkati mwa munthu, chidwi mphamvu zake zauzimu.

Mosiyana ndi zachikhalidwe, zilembo ndi Makhalidwe a moyo wosalira zambiri tsiku ndi tsiku, motero, Karamzin ndakatulo chinthu - moyo wosalira zambiri, monga ananena. Kumene, ku malongosoledwe a azipewa chizolowezi ndakatulo kuchokera mafanizo zobiriwira ndi kufananitsa ntchito mfundo ndi losavuta nyimbo.

Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti ndakatulo akasauka ndi mediocre. M'malo mwake, kuti athe kunyamula zilipo njira luso, kotero kuti anatulutsa anthu a mtima ndi pa nthawi yomweyo anadzudzula zitsanzo za ngwazi za - ndicho cholinga chachikulu anathamangitsa ndi Karamzin ndakatulo.

Ndakatulo si yaikulu. Kawirikawiri kusonyeza duality chikhalidwe cha anthu, njira ziwiri nthawi zonse, mogwirizana ndi kulimba kwa zotsutsana.

prose Karamzin

mfundo zokongoletsa Karamzin kuwonetsedwa prose opezeka m'mabuku ake ongolankhula. Iye akulimbikira kuchoka ku yonse tingachipeze powerenga ndi rationalism kuti tilinazo wa munthu, dziko wake wauzimu.

Ntchito yaikulu - kukopa owerenga kuti munthu pazipita chifundo, kupeza kuona osati ngwazi, koma naye. Choncho, chifundo ayenera kuyambitsa anasintha mkati mwa munthu, kupanga iye kukhala chuma wake wauzimu.

Nkhani mbali ntchito chimodzimodzi anamanga monga mwa ndakatulo, kuti: osachepera zovuta kulankhula liwiro chimwambo ndi frills. Koma kuwopa zolemba ndi apaulendo chomwecho sanali malipoti youma, amatiphunzitsa mtima wa kangoloko, zilembo aonekere.

Nkhani Karamzin kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zimene zinachitika, chotenga munakhala mu chikhalidwe cha chibadwidwe wa zinthu. Koma monga zinachitikira anapita kudziko lina, panali zambiri, kuti pa pepala anawoloka sieve wa authorial "Ine". Iye sali womangidwa kwa kuphatikiza mayanjano sadziwa. Mwachitsanzo, London iye sanakumbukire Thames milatho ndi chifunga, ndi madzulo, pamene nyali ndi anayatsa, ndi mzinda awala.

M'nkhaniyi ndi wolemba nokha - izi ndi anzake kapena interlocutors, amene Karamzin anakumana pa ulendo umenewu. Tikumbukenso kuti sikuti apamwamba. Iye amalankhula ndilipo ndi socialites, ndi ophunzira osauka.

Karamzin - mbiri

m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi amatsogolera mbiri Karamzin a. Pamene Alexander I anamuika mbiri bwalo, moyo Karamzin ndi ntchito akukumana kusintha kwakukulu kachiwiri: amakana ntchito mabuku ndi amamizidwa thupi lonse mu zolemba za mbiri.

Oddly zokwanira, koma choyamba ntchito yake ya mbiri yakale, "Buku pa Ancient ndi Modern Russia timakhala yake yandale ndi yapachiweniweni singaimitse ntchitoyi" Karamzin zoyenera podzudzula kusintha a mfumu. Cholinga cha "Maulendo" anali kusonyeza Boma ndiwofatsa la anthu, komanso kusakhutira kwawo ndi kusintha owolowa manja. Iye anayesera kuti apeze umboni wa kulephera kwa kusintha zimenezi.

Karamzin - womasulira

Karamzin, mbiri ndi ntchito kulenga yosiyanasiyana, kufunafuna yekha komanso m'munda wa yomasulira. Ndipo kufunitsitsa bwino. Nikolai Mikhailovich anakhala osati mchitidwe kwambiri, koma kumasulira theorist nthawi yake.

Zilankhulo imene anamasulira ntchito:

• English;
• French;
• German.

Wolemba sanachite Mabaibulo weniweni, ndipo stylistically anayesa kusintha iwo, kubweretsa, kuti accomodate awo "Russian khutu." Iye osati anasamala mwapadera kwa analilemba wapachiyambi, komanso bwino ntchito pa nthawi ya kulenganso ya wosangalala, amene ndiwo pachiyambi, osati kutaya particles pang'ono kusamutsa nazo.

Kupeza ntchito pa chilengedwe cha wolemba enieni, anaphunzira Karamzin zilandiridwenso, mwachidule pofotokozera owerenga ndi zina zambiri.

Wolemba ananena mfundo zitatu, zomwe zikhazikitsidwe omasulira apamwamba:

• Oyera - Poganizira nkhani lexical.
• Kusalala - amatanthauza pachilichonse stylistic.
• Chisomo - kumasulira ayenera kukhala molondola zotheka, koma Mulimonsemo si mu kufanana. Kuyenera osavuta kumva.

Karamzin chinenero kusintha

Zokhudza ntchito mabuku Karamzin sanaganizire ikukhudzana kusintha kalankhulidwe kawo. Ntchito yaikulu ya wolemba itayandikira moyo, amalankhula. Adafuna ayeretse ku mawu achikale, chongoyerekeza mafotokozedwe. Koma zonse Nikolai Mikhailovich analinso ndi mdani wa nkhanza mawu folksy, amene sizikugwirizana kumvetsetsa khalidwe kulankhula, angakwanitse, koma wokongola.

Karamzin Polemeretsedwa Chirasha, kupeka mawu ambiri atsopano, chifukwa Kuwonjezera zapansi, kusintha kwa mawu kapena ndikuwabweretsa kuchokera zinenero zina. Mwa mawu awa: makampani, chikondi, anthu, ndi ena.

"History wa State Russian"

Wotchuka ntchito zakale zomwe analemba Karamzin - "History ya boma Russian." Maziko a ntchito anapita "Ndemanga pa Ancient ndi Modern Russia timakhala ake ndale ndi pa nkhondo." Chikugwira pa izo, Karamzin Nikolay Mihaylovich, amene ntchito nthawi zonse digressions mbiri, zolemba, mbiri, ndikuganiza za kulenga ntchito yaikulu mawunikidwe.

Anatenga chikhalidwe padziko lonse ntchito, anasolola mfundo mbiri, ambiri a omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu sayansi ambiri. Karamzin osati kulengedwanso ndi nyenyeswa za mbiri, komanso kupeza magwero latsopano ndi latsopano. Kotero, iye amene anatsegula pa Ipatiev amafotokoza.

Kapangidwe ka "History":

• Chidziwitso - limafotokoza udindo wa mbiri sayansi;
• mbiriyakale mpaka 1612 kuyambira mafuko woyendayendawu.

Nkhani zonse, nkhani umatha ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi za chikumbumtima.

Tanthauzo la "History"

Kamodzi ntchito anamaliza Karamzin, "History wa State Russian" kwenikweni anamwazikana yenda. Mwezi watha 3,000 makope tagulitsidwa. "History" anali kuwerenga zonse: chifukwa sikuti wodzazidwa ndi mawanga woyera m'mbiri ya boma, komanso kuphweka, chomasuka ulaliki. Pamaziko a buku lino, ndiye panalibe limodzi ntchito luso, chifukwa "m'mbiri" lilinso gwero la nkhani.

"History wa State Russian" anakhala munthu woyamba mawunikidwe ntchito pa mbiri Russian. Zikuonekanso kukhala chitsanzo komanso chitsanzo cha pofuna kukwaniritsa chidwi mbiri mu dziko.

wolemba akulimbikira mphamvu ya autocracy monga njira yoona ya moyo wa boma. Unachititsa chipolowe pakati pa gawo owolowa manja okonda ya anthu.