Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin: yonena ndi ntchito

Nikolai Karamzin, amene yonena akuyamba December 1, 1766, anabadwa mu chigawo Simbirsk m'banja osauka wolemekezeka wa makolo ophunzira ndi ozindikira. Maphunziro oyamba mu sukulu payekha Professor Shadena. Pambuyo pake, monga ena anthu ambiri yakale, iye anapita kukatumikira ku alonda, amene anali m'gulu la bwino.

Inali pa nthawi iyi, Nikolai Karamzin, yonena yochepa yomwe kwake pepala ichi kwa nthawi yoyamba bwino kudziwa kufunika kwa njira zawo, wosiyana wamba: ntchito yapamwamba, chuma chawo, udindo ndi maulemu. Zonsezi sanali kukopa wolemba m'tsogolo. Pambuyo pogwira ntchito yausilikali pasanathe chaka, ndi pamalo otsika wa mkulu mu 1784 anatula pansi ndipo anabwerera Simbirsk kwawo.

Moyo Simbirsk akuzigawo

Kunja Karamzin moyo mosalongosoka, anamwazikana moyo wa munthu, kudawala ulemu matauni ndi makhalidwe wolimba ndi madona. Nikolai Mikhailovich yapamwamba madiresi, kuonera maonekedwe awo, kusewera makhadi. Pa mipira akuzigawo anali ochenjera ndi waluso cavalier. Koma zonsezi - okha maonekedwe akunja a khalidwe lake.

Panthawi imeneyi, Karamzin, amene yonena wolemera motsatana zosayembekezereka ndithu zochitika, ndipo kwambiri kuganizira malo awo mu moyo imati kwambiri, anakumana ndi anthu chidwi. Iye alandira kale maphunziro abwino, koma akupitiriza kusintha ndi kupeza zinthu zatsopano zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri Karamzin chidwi ndi mbiri, mabuku ndi nzeru.

Mnzawo Ivan Petrovich Turgenev, Mason ndi wolemba, unachitikira mu ubwenzi waukulu ndi Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (yemwenso anali Mason, mtolankhani luso, mabuku ndi satirist), iye ankasewera yofunika pa moyo wa wolemba. Pa maganizo ake, Nikolai Mikhailovich anasamukira ku Moscow ndipo anakumana ndi bwalo la Novikov. Choncho anayamba nyengo yatsopano mu moyo wake, kuyambira nthaŵi imene 1785 zaka 1789. Tiyeni tinene mawu ochepa za izo payokha.

Ankadziwa anthu osema miyala

The zaka zinayi kukhudzana ndi bwalo la osema miyala zinasinthiratu njira Karamzin, moyo ndi maganizo ake. Onani kuti mbiri ya Freemasonry mu Russia si bwino. Iwo kalekale kale sayansi kwenikweni reactionary. Komabe, mu masiku ano, mawonedwe pa gulu limeneli ndi yosiyana.

manyumba ogona Masonic ndi wapadera makhalidwe ndi chipembedzo mabwalo, zochokera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu England m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ndipo kenako mu maiko ena, kuphatikizapo dziko lathu. Maziko a Code, omwe ankati anthu osema miyala, ndi kusowa ungwiro wauzimu wa munthu. Iwo anali pulogalamu ndale, makamaka zokhudzana ndi chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe abwino. Pakuti ntchito za kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons wakhala yodziwika ndi mwambo ed, chinsinsi, jousting ndi miyambo ena, apamtima lachinsinsi. Unali wodzaza ndi nzeru ndi mwauzimu, yodziwika ndi mfundo zapamwamba za kuopsa. Osema miyala anali padera. Kuti afotokozedwa mu mlengalenga ambiri anazungulira kuyambira Karamzin. Iye anayamba kulankhula ndi anthu chidwi: Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) ndi Alekseem Mihaylovichem Kutuzovym. Impact ngati umunthu kwapadera anapereka kutsogolera wamphamvu chitukuko cha talente zolembalemba ndi kulenga kukhalanso wake.

Choyamba Karamzin anamasuliridwa mu Russian zopeka, ndipo anayamba kulemba kwa magazini "Kuwerenga Ana", wofalitsa amene anali Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov, ntchito yake yoyamba ndakatulo. Zinali nthawi imeneyi kuti amadziwa talente yake ngati wolemba.

Koma apa mapeto nthawi kukhalanso, ndipo pamodzi nacho Masonic nthawi ya moyo wa wolemba wamng'ono. Mafelemu Masonic manyumba ogona anakhala naye pafupi, iye akufuna kudziwa moyo kulemera kwake, kuchuluka kwake ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuti katswiri wolemba, mufuna kuona dzanja choyamba ake mbali zabwino ndi zoipa. Choncho, Karamzin, amene yonena imatengedwa mu chimango cha buku lino, kusiya anthu osema miyala ndipo anayamba pa ulendo.

Woyendayenda ku Europe

Kuti tichite zimenezi, Nikolai Mikhailovich anaika taluk wake ndipo anaganiza amawononga ndalama zonse pa ulendo wopita ku Ulaya, ndiye kuti kukufotokoza. Iwo anali mwamuna wolimba mtima kwambiri ndi zachilendo sitepe kwa nthawi. Pajatu, kwa Karamzin izo zinatanthauza kuti ndisiye moyo pa chimaposa cha zigawo cholowa ndiponso kudzisamalira ndi ntchito ya serfs. Tsopano Nikolai Mikhailovich anali yopezera zofunika pa moyo mwa iye yekha ntchito katswiri wolemba awo.

Lina, anakhala chaka ndi theka, wayenda ku Switzerland, Germany, England ndi France. Karamzin, amene yonena akufotokozedwa m'nkhani ino, timudziwe bwino anthu chidwi ndi otchuka a m'mayiko amenewa, m'malo ngati zigawo woimira dziko langa woyenera kwambiri. Iye akhayang'ana, kumvetsera, ndi olembedwa. Nikolai Mikhailovich anakopeka munyumba za anthu, zinthu zakale, mafakitale, mayunivesite, zikondwerero msewu, m'malo odyera okongoletsedwa ukwati.

Iye anali kupenda ndipo yerekezerani anthu ndiponso miyambo ya mtundu makamaka, anaphunzira mbali ya kulankhula, analemba wake zithunzi buku kufotokoza msewu, anali ndi mbiri ya zokambirana zosiyana ndi mawunikidwe zawo. Mu kugwa kwa 1790 Karamzin anabwerera ku Russia, ndipo anayamba kufalitsa "Moscow Journal" omwe amaika nkhani, nkhani, ndakatulo. Pali anasindikizidwa ndi wotchuka "Letters wa Traveler Russian", napita naye yotchuka kwambiri, "Osauka Liza".

Buku la almanacs

Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, Nikolai Mikhailovich limafalitsa anthologies, mwa amene anali atatu a buku anthology "Aoide", wolembedwa mu ndime komanso mndandanda wa "opanda pake wanga", womwenso zosiyanasiyana nkhani ndi ndakatulo. Kuti Karamzin akubwera kutchuka. Iye amadziwika ndi okondedwa osati mitu iwiri (Moscow ndi St. Petersburg), koma mu Russia.

Buku mbiri "Marfa Posadnitsa"

Imodzi mwa ntchito woyamba wa Karamzin, zinalembedwa prose, imafalitsidwa 1803. "Marfa Posadnitsa" (a mtundu wanyimbo - mbiri buku). Lidalembedwa kale chilakolako cha mabuku a Valtera Skotta anayamba mu Russia. Mu ichi nkhani Karamzin kukopa zikuoneka kuti Kale, upamwamba ngati abwino mumangire ya makhalidwe, zakonzedwa kale moti mmene 1790s m'ma mu enaake "moyo ku Atene."

Mu epic, ndi mtundu wakale wa Pankhondo ya Novgorod ndi Moscow wapereka ntchito yake, Nikolai Karamzin. "Mkazi Bwanamkubwa wa" zikutipatsa mafunso ofunika nthanthi: za mafumu ndi mabwalo, anthu ndi atsogoleri a "Mulungu" kukonzedweratu mbiri ndi kusamvera kwa munthu kwa iye. The sympathies a wolemba anali bwino kumbali ya Novgorodians ndi Martha, osati monarchical Moscow. Nkhani ino wapezeka ndi zotsutsana maganizo a wolemba. Choonadi zakale anali, kumene, pa mbali ya Novgorod. Komabe, Novgorod wathedwa, malodza zoipa precursors mwadzidzidzi kuwonongedwa kwa mzinda, ndipo kenako anakumana.

Nkhani "Osauka Liza"

Koma bwino kwambiri inali nkhani "Osauka Liza" imene inafalitsidwa kumbuyo mu 1792. Sizachilendo mabuku Western za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, nkhani ya mmene fuko lomveka kunyengedwa wamba kapena bourgeois zazing'ono, mabuku Russian poyamba mu nkhani Karamzin. Wambiri makhalidwe abwino, atsikana okongola, ndi lingaliro lakuti ofanana momvetsa chisoni akhoza kupezeka kwenikweni ozungulira anapereka kwa pikhabuluka mankhwala. Chinanso chofunika anali chakuti NM Karamzin ( "Osauka Liza" anali "khadi ntchito") anaphunzitsa owerenga kuona kukongola kwa chilengedwe mayi ndi mumamukonda. lathu Mchitidwe wa ntchito wakhala kwambiri pa mabuku a nthawi.

Nthano "Natalia, ndi Boyar a Mwana"

Mu 1792 chomwecho, adabadwa pa nkhani "Natalia, mwana wamkazi Boyar Mulungu." Si zodziwika bwino monga "Osauka Liza", koma kumafuna mafunso ofunika kwambiri makhalidwe amene adabvutika m'nthawi yake NM Karamzin. Chimodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi vuto la ulemu.

Alex wokondedwa Natalia, anali munthu woonamtima amene anatumikira Russian tsar. Choncho iye anavomereza wake "upandu" kuti kubedwa mwana wamkazi wa Mateyu Andreyev ankakonda Boyar mwayekha. Koma mfumu amadalitsa ukwati wawo, powona kuti Alex - munthu wa khalidwe labwino. Izo zimapangitsa ndi bambo a mtsikanayo. Pomaliza nkhaniyo, wolemba analemba kuti banja ankakhala mosangalala ndipo anamuika m'manda pamodzi. Iwo kusiyana ndi chikondi moona mtima ndi odzipereka kwa Mfumu.

Nkhaniyo, amene analengedwa ndi Karamzin ( "Mwanawe Boyar a"), nkhani ya ulemu limodzi ku utumiki wa mfumu. Wodala ndi munthu amene akonda Mfumu. Choncho, moyo wa banja ili akufotokozera bwino, chifukwa ukoma mphoto.

anafunika

mnyamata Provincial amatamanda ntchito za Karamzin. Chibadidwe ntchito zake yosavuta, chitachitika, zachilengedwe kalembedwe, kaso ndi pa nthawi yomweyo demokalase unsembe luso anali woukira boma mu mgwirizano wa maganizo ndi ntchito pagulu. Choyamba anapanga lingaliro la yosangalatsa, chidwi kuwerenga, ndi kuti kulambira wolemba mabuku.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, yonena ndi zilandiridwenso kuti amakopeka kwambiri anthu amasangalala kutchuka kwambiri. Mu Moscow amakopeka kwambiri adamthamangira achinyamata ochokera konsekonse mu dziko, monga kuona wolemba lapamtima. Lysine dziwe, anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa zochitika za nkhani "Osauka Liza" zikuchitika pano ili m'mudzi wakunja kwatawuni wa Kolomenskoye, wayamba kuimba udindo wa malo ophiphiritsa, abwere kuno, kuti atchedwe chikondi kapena maliro yekha.

Ntchito pa "History wa State Russian"

Patapita kanthawi Karamzin zikuchepa mwadzidzidzi chimasintha moyo wake. Kusiya zopeka, iye akutengedwa ngati ntchito yaikulu mbiri - ". Mbiri ya boma Russian" Cholinga cha ntchito iyi, zikuoneka, wachita kale kukhwima maganizo ake.

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anayamba ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, ndiwotani mdzukulu wa Catherine II. Nthawi yoyamba, iye anali owolowa manja ndi ozindikira wolamulira. The Nkhani alo dzina monga "Alexander Spring".

Karamzin bwenzi ndi mphunzitsi wakale wa Mfumu wamng'ono, MN Nyerere apembedzere kuti Nikolai Mikhailovich anaikidwa mbiri bwalo. udindowu inali yofunika kwambiri chifukwa Karamzin, ndi kuululidwa kwa iye mwayi waukulu. Tsopano iye analandira ndalama za penshoni, (monga tidziwa, njira zina zofunika pamoyo wa wolemba sanali). Koma ambiri Chofunika, iye kupeza yachokera mbiri, unali wofunika kwambiri. Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, amene yonena limaoneka kwa tcheru chanu, Inabuka ntchito: anawerenga mipukutu ndi mabuku pa mbiriyakale, kusanthula ndi tomes wakale, azilandira, poyerekeza.

N'zovuta kulingalira ntchito yaikulu mwachita mbiri Karamzin. Pambuyo polenga wa mabuku khumi a "History wa State Russian" wake zaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu ntchito mwakhama, kuchokera 1803 mpaka 1826. Nkhani a zochitika m'mbiri anali osiyana, kutali zedi, mopanda tsankho ndiponso kudalirika komanso wokongola luso kalembedwe. Nkhani anabweretsedwa ku "nthawi ya mavuto" mu mbiri ya boma Russian. Imfa ya Nikolai Mikhailovich sankaloledwa kuchita dongosolo zikuluzikulu mapeto.

Karamzin ntchito, zolemba zake kuti anapita mabuku khumi, kutsatira wina ndi mzake, chifukwa mayankho owerenga ambiri. Mwina nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya buku kusindikizidwa ali chikwiyire funde la chikumbumtima dziko la Russia. Karamzin anapeza anthu nkhani yake ndi anafotokoza m'mbuyomu.

The zili ntchito anazindikira m'malo ambiguously. Choncho, ufulu kukoma achinyamata anali okonda kukangana thandizo mafumu, amene anasonyeza masamba a "Mbiri ya Russian State" Karamzin mbiri. A Pushkin wamng'ono ngakhale analemba epigrams molimba mtima pa mbiri lolemekezeka zaka zimenezo. Malinga ndi iye, ntchito zimenezi zachitikadi "kufunika autocracy ndi chithumwa mkwapulo."

Karamzin, buku sindidzakusiyani inu osayanjanitsika, poyankha kutsutsa wakhala otsika-kiyi bata amaona kunyozedwa ndi kutamandidwa.

Opinion pa "History wa State Russian" A. Pushkin

Anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, iye, kuyambira 1816, paliponse m'chilimwe Tsarskoye Selo ndi banja lake. Karamzins - kuchereza alendo makamu amene moyo andakatulo awo ngati wotchuka ngati Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky ndi Batyushkov ndi achinyamata ophunzira. Panali nthawi zambiri achinyamata AS Pushkin nsangala kumvetsera chonena ndakatulo akulu, kusamalira mkazi wake, NM Karamzin, salinso wamng'ono, koma wokongola ndi wanzeru mkazi amene analimba mtima kuti ngakhale kutumiza atchedwe chikondi. Anzeru ndi ozindikira tsenga Karamzin anakhululukira mnyamatayo monga epigrams molimba mtima pa "History".

Patapita zaka khumi, Pushkin, kale munthu wachikulire, tione osiyana pa ntchito yaikulu ya Nikolai Mikhailovich. Mu 1826, pamene mu ukapolo ku St Michael, iye analemba "Ndemanga pa maphunziro onse" kuti mbiri Russian ayenera kuphunzitsidwa malinga Karamzin, ndi kuzitcha izo ntchito si ntchito ya wazambiriyakale wamkulu, komanso chintchito munthu woonamtima.

Pa mbali ya Alexander, izo sizinali zimasonyeza kukhulupirika kwa akuluakulu a chiyembekezo cha chikhululukiro ndi kubwerera ku ukapolo. Konse, chifukwa patapita chaka, atabwerera Pushkin ife kubwerera kwa "History" Apanso kuzindikira mkulu wake.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Karamzin khalidwe sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kufotokoza zaka zomalizira za moyo wake. The zaka khumi zapitazi anasangalala kwambiri. Iye anali bwenzi la tsar ndi, Alexander I. Friends zambiri wangayo mu Park, nthawi yaitali akulankhula, mwamtendere komanso pang'onopang'ono. N'zotheka kuti mfumuyo, podziwa kuwolowa manja ndi ukali Nikolai Mikhailovich, anamuuza zambiri kuposa nduna za panyumba. Karamzin zambiri samagwirizana ndi mfundo ndi maganizo a Alexander I. Komabe, iye sanali kukhumudwa, ndipo anamvetsera mwatcheru ndipo manotsi. "Mawu A pa wakale ndi watsopano Russia" imene wolemba nkhani ya mfumu, muli m'ndandanda wa mfundo zomwe wazambiriyakale sanagwirizane ndi mfundo za boma la nthawi.

Nikolay Mihaylovich Karamzin, amene mabuku anali wotchuka kwambiri pa moyo wake, alibe mtima wofuna mphoto iliyonse, kapena zifukwa. Komabe, kuyenera kuti iye anali ndi lamba wa pamimba, umene Komabe, nthawi zonse ankachitira ndi Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi nthabwala.