"Zadonshchina" chaka cha chilengedwe. Ancient Russian mabuku a XIV - zaka XV

Cholinga cha nkhaniyi - kupereka zokhudza zipilala waukulu chonchi mabuku Old Russia, monga "Zadonshchina". Chaka cha chilengedwe, wolemba, compositional ndi mbali luso - onse a mafunso amenewa, tikambirana ndi inu ndi.

zinthu zakale

Mu 1380, zochitika zomwe anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo osati Russia koma dziko lonse. Amenewa amanena za nkhondo ya Kulikovo, imene Chitata anagonjetsedwa. mwambo umenewu kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse kuthetsa mphekesera za invincibility wa mdani, ndi Russia kumalo ozizira chiyembekezo cha chipulumutso ku goli la zaka zambiri. Komanso anali ngati precondition kwa kugwirizana kwa ukulu padziko likulu la Moscow, lomwe chinali chiyambi cha boma m'tsogolo. Choncho n'zosadabwitsa chifukwa chigonjetso chachikulu kawirikawiri kulengeza mu zipilala mabuku akale. Ochita kafukufuku amanena Kulikovskiy adzizungulira, womwenso tinachita chidwi.

"Zadonshchina": chaka wokhazikitsa, zambiri

Glorious chipilala mabuku, chilengedwe kwambiri luso ... The umboni wosatsutsika wa kudalirika kwa "Mawu ..." - zonse mwa makhalidwe amenewa ntchito nkhani asilikali lotchedwa "Zadonshchina". Yemwe analemba ilo - ndi moot mfundo, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti kuthetsedwa. Pali mfundo zimene wolemba anali Sofony Ryazantsev. Dzina limeneli n'chakuti lemba "Zadonshchina" ndi ntchito zina - 'Nkhani ya Mamay ". Other mudziwe Ryazantsev otsutsa zolembalemba mulibe. Koma mawu dzina zikusonyeza kuti Sofony analenga zina zomwe zilipo zolembalemba chipilala. Iwo anatsogoleredwa ndi wolemba osadziwika, kwa cholembera amene anabwera "Zadonshchina". Chaka chilengedwe cha asilikali kuti simukudziwa nkhani (chomwe n'zosadabwitsa kuti mabuku Old Russia). Ikutchula izi: mankhwala ndiko kuyankha mwachindunji kuti zochitika, motero, chilengedwere "Zadonshchina" imagwera pa mzere 80-90-ntchentche za m'ma XIV.

Nkhani anapereka mndandanda asanu. Oyambirira, zilipo, ophunzira akhala pachibwenzi 1470 mi zaka. Dzinali ena - mndandanda wa Euphrosyne. Zosinthika akuimira kuchepetsa poyamba lemba yaitali choncho zimaonetsa ambiri zolakwika, kuwapotoza, zosiyidwa. Mwa njira, kokha mndandanda Euphrasinia ntchito dzina "Zadonshchina". Chaka Kukhazikika kwambiri kenako Baibulo la nkhani komanso si anaika (za m'ma XVII), ndipo pali mankhwala oyambitsa "The nthano za ... Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich". N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mitundu ina yonse ya chipilala zolembalemba. Iwo zosalongosoka, koma kulola otsutsa zolembalemba m'maulendo ake polemba Baibulo.

Kapangidwe ndi chiwembu

Pokweza za kupambana kwa asilikali a Russia pa mdani - chiwembu ndondomeko ali "Zadonshchina". Mlembi Choncho chikumbumtima anayerekezera ndi "Mawu ...", koma kutchula chipilala chachikulu anafotokoza boliboli nee onyenga ndi Kutchulira dala akale ndi amakono (osati mokomera otsiriza). Pakutchulidwa "Mawu ..." momveka bwino kuti otsutsa okha akalonga kwadzetsa mavuto pa nthaka Russian. Koma anali m'mbuyomu, tsopano anapambana chigonjetso pa Aisiraeli. Pereka ndi "Mawu ..." opezeka pa mlingo wa njira munthu (kutengerapo mu kamphindi ndi owerenga m'malo Hrs kwa wina), ndiponso zinthu chiwembu. Mwachitsanzo, wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy m'njira ya dzuwa pamaso nkhondo - kotero amalankhula "Zadonshchina". Mlembi wa "Mawu ..." (poyamba komanso akamuuze) anatchula kadamsana monga malodza zoipa.

Nthano imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Yoyamba oyamba, ndipo kudzera mwa wolemba akukhazikitsa owerenga ndi wapadera, chikondwerero maganizo ndi kumuuza zolinga woona anathamangitsa ndi chilengedwe cha "Zadonshchina". Kumayambiriro likutsindikanso nkhani wosangalala, limanena kuti Moscow - monga likulu atsopano a boma - ndi kupitiriza Kiev, etc. The gawo loyamba la ntchito - ". Chisoni" .. A The owerenga chikusonyezera kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian, kulira mafumu akufa ndi Boyarynya. Komabe, chikhalidwe amati: m'malo "chonyansa" adzagonjetsedwa. Choncho zinachitikadi mu "matamando" pamene mdani anatenga zidendene zawo, ndipo rusichi ali olemera zofunkha.

mbali luso

Poetics "Zadonshchina" makamaka anatsimikiza mtima n'zofanana ndi "Mawu ...". owerenga polimbana ndi zithunzi chomwecho anthropomorphic, achipongwe kuti gwero bwino folkloric. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali fano lalikulu la tanthauzo la chipembedzo ndi maumboni chikunja ndipo sanali sakupezeka. Msangani wenewu losiyana kwambiri kwa praetexta. Ntchito "Zadonshchina" ndi sakanikira kwambiri mu kalembedwe. Choncho, pamodzi ndi malemba ndakatulo ndi makombo kuti kwambiri ngati bizinesi prose. Tiyeneranso kuoneka mwatsatanetsatane kuchuluka, mwatcheru mutu wa Prince.

"Zadonshchina" ndi "Mawu ..."

Monga anati, "Zadonshchina" wapatali chifukwa chakuti zikutsimikizira lolondola ndi "Mawu." iwowa ndi kufunsidwa osati chifukwa asanatulukire mwadzidzidzi chipilala Musin-Pushkin mu 1795 "Mawu ..." Palibe mmodzi konse anaona maso anu, koma chifukwa cha mtengo zapadera luso la ndakatuloyi. Zimenezi zinandichititsa lingaliro la kulipira (ndi precedents). maumboni ake kuti "Transdoniad" anali kuthetsa vutolo, koma ... wakhala ananena kuti ndi "Mawu ..." analengedwa kutsatira chitsanzo cha ananena chipilala wotsatira. Chabwino, funso za chiyambi cha ntchito zonse zolemba zakale ndipo osati kwathunthu kuthetsedwa.