Zizindikiro za m'dera dongosolo. zizindikiro mtunda

Cartographic (topographic) zizindikiro zikuimira maziko ndi mzere zizindikiro za zinthu zosiyana mtunda, amene ntchito pa mapu topographic ndi mapulani. Zizindikiro izi yodziwika ndi lakuti wamba magulu homogeneous zinthu. Zimachitika onse mu mtundu ndi mawonekedwe. Mu nkhani iyi, akutchulidwa kwambiri m'nkhaniyi ntchito yokonza mapu topographic a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi mzake musati amasiyana kwambiri. Childs, zizindikiro ochiritsira kupereka kukula ndi mawonekedwe, malo, komanso ena mwa makhalidwe kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe wa zinthu, magulu ndi madera zimachititsa chilumbachi chinaonekeranso pa makadi. Onse a iwo anawagawa areal (lonse), scaleless, ofotokozera ndi liniya. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za aliyense wa mitundu.

zizindikiro lonse

Areal, kapena zikuluzikulu, zizindikiro ochiritsira ntchito fano zimachititsa chilumbachi zinthu zimene zatenga malo yokulirapo. The makulidwe a zinthu izi zimene tingasonyezere dongosolo kapena mapu lonse. zizindikiro Areal lili ndi magawo awiri. The oyamba - ichi ndi chizindikiro cha chinthu. The chachiwiri - ndi mitundu ochiritsira kapena zizindikiro zake kudzaza. Mizere akufotokozedwa ndi lili mzere chinthu (bogs, madambo, nkhalango). Mfundo olimba limasonyeza maonekedwe a m'mudzi, dziwe. Komanso, mizere ya chinthu akhoza akuonetsedwa ntchito chizindikiro cha makamaka malire (mipanda, ngalande).

kudzazidwa zizindikiro

Zizindikiro za m'dera dongosolo ndi osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi wa mtundu wawo - ndi kudzaza zizindikiro zimene zimapezeka mu dongosolo zenizeni mu kuzungulira. kuti angakhale lachabechabe, Chess. Kudzaza zizindikiro amathanso adzaikidwa mizere ofukula kapena yopingasa. zizindikiro Scale n'zotheka osati kupeza malo pamalowo ili. Chifukwa cha iwo, mukhoza kuzindikira mawonekedwe ake, lalikulu, miyeso liniya.

zizindikiro lonse

mtundu lakonzedwa kuti zinthu fano ndi kutalika pansi. Mwachitsanzo, ameneŵa mitsinje, misewu kapena njanji, mphamvu mizere, wakwera, malire, ndi mitsinje ina.

zizindikiro liniya

Iwo amakhala ndi malo wapakatikati pakati kukhala mwa zilembo lonse ndi zikuluzikulu. Kutalika kwa zinthu lolingana Akuti zochokera lonse la mapu, koma m'lifupi - izo ziri. Kawirikawiri ndi wamkulu kuposa m'lifupi m'dera chinthu umaimiridwa ndi mapu, malo a Chofanana olamulira kotenga wa chizindikiro wamba. Horizontally moimiridwa ndi zizindikiro liniya.

Ife kutchulidwa si onse zizindikiro za m'dera dongosolo. Ife titembenukira kwa zizindikiro ofotokozera.

zizindikiro ofotokozera

Iwo ntchito pofotokoza zina zinthu anasonyeza pa mapu. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amaimira m'lifupi, kutalika, chitsulo chogwira matayala katundu, chikhalidwe ndi m'lifupi pamwamba msewu, chikhalidwe ndi kuya Ford nthaka, kutalika pafupifupi ndi makulidwe a mitengo m'nkhalango. Ofotokozera ndiponso ndi mayina a zinthu, komanso zolemba zosiyanasiyana pa makadi. Aliyense wa zolemba izi imagwiridwa makalata ndi kukula ena, ndipo amaika wosasintha.

chizindikiro zowombetsa mkota

Ndi kucheperachepera lonse topographic maps of homogeneous dongosolo zizindikiro dera kwa mayiko ophatikizana m'magulu, amene nawonso, kukhala mu umodzi zowombetsa mkota chizindikiro. Kalembedwe lonse akhoza monga piramidi truncated anafotokoza. Mu maziko ake - zizindikiro zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzekera, ndi lonse la 1: 500. Anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito kwa makadi ndi lonse la 1: 1,000,000 (amatchedwa mwachidule mtunda), yomwe ili pamwamba pa piramidi.

mtundu mayina

Maps onse mtundu, amene ndizo zizindikiro za m'dera dongosolo ndinu yemweyo. Zilibe kanthu zimene kuchuluka kwawo. Bar zizindikiro, nyumba, malo ndi contours awo, mfundo amphamvu, zinthu wamba, malire ziperekedwa mu wakuda. Brown amaimira zinthu thandizo. Oundana, mitsinje, m'mayiwewa ndi m'madambo pa mapu ndi buluu (kuwala buluu - galasi la madzi). Green ntchito pamene chizindikiro ukufanizidwa ndi nkhalango. More ndendende, izo ntchito mitengo ndi zitsamba ambiri. Mdima wobiriwira ntchito udindo mipesa, tchire, zokwawa, nkhalango nyenyezi yaing'ono. Orange misewu ndi anthu yodziwika ndi nyumba zosagwira moto chizindikiro. Mtundu wachikasu ntchito amasonyeza bwino Misewu, komanso okhala, monga gawo limene - osakhala fireproof nyumbayi.

maina achidule

Maps topographic akupezeka Kuwonjezera zizindikiro za achidule zosiyanasiyana mayunitsi andale ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, dera Moscow amaimira Mosk. Komanso anapereka kuchepetsa mawu ofotokozera. Chizindikiro dambo - chachikulu, mphamvu -. El.-st., kum'mwera kumadzulo malangizo - SW. Ntchito zilembo yovomerezeka mungapereke zofunika kuwonjezera zizindikiro ochiritsira. Mwachitsanzo, wosasintha ntchito maina a midzi, anasonyeza kufunika awo andale utsogoleri, mtundu wa anthu. Koma mtsinje, ndipo mukhoza kupeza mfundo zokhuza kuthekera navigation ndi phindu. Zilembo za ntchito ntchito zitsime ndi mipita, kutalika zolembera amatithandiza kudziwa zimene iwo ayenera kutengedwa kwambiri.

zimachititsa chilumbachi

Pa mapu ndi mapulani alili ukufanizidwa ndi njira zotsatirazi: mtundu mapulasitiki, kuchapa mizere, contours ndi okwera. Pa matchati zikuluzikulu kaŵirikaŵiri zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro mizere mizere, amene ubwino kwambiri pa njira zina.

Wachibale ndipo mtheradi kutalika

Pofuna mokhulupirika amasonyeza mpumulo wa padziko dziko ndege, muyenera kudziwa amene ali pamwamba pa mfundo pa izo. Pansi, pali otsika, zitunda ndi mapiri. Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ndi otsika kapena mkulu? Kuti tichite zimenezi, mukuyenera kuziyerekeza kutalika kwa zinthu wachibale ena a msinkhu chomwecho. Pa mlingo woyambilira wa kulandira pamwamba pa nyanja kapena nyanja.

Kutalika mtheradi - mfundo ya padziko lapansi, amene anayeza kuchokera mlingo wa nyanja kapena nyanja. Ngati mfundo ndi pamwamba pa izi, kutalika awo ndi abwino (mwachitsanzo, akuti nsonga phiri - nambala zabwino). Apo ayi, mudzakhala negative. Wachibale kutalika - kusiyana kutalika kwa mfundo nthaka wina.

Kodi ndi zizindikiro

Onse makonzedwe mtunda mayina ayenera expressiveness, kumva. Ayenela, kuwonjezera, mosavuta traceable. Zizindikiro pa mapu ntchito mamba, ophunzitsira ndi anapereka zikalata normative. Iwo kuvomerezedwa m'mabungwe onse ndi mabungwe kuti agwire yoyeza ntchito.

Land kasamalidwe gulu azitenga nkhani zosiyanasiyana nyumba ulimi m'dziko. Nthawi zambiri kosaoneka kukhazikitsidwa kwa zizindikiro kuvomerezedwa. Choncho, mabungwe kasamalidwe dziko nthawi apereke zizindikiro zina zimene zimasonyeza kulunjika wa zaulimi. Choncho pali zizindikiro pa mapu.

makadi generalization

zinthu Local malingana ndi sikelo ya mapulani kapena mapu anasonyeza yosiyana mwatsatanetsatane. Mwachitsanzo, mu mudzi dongosolo lomwe lili lonse 1: 2000, iwo sakanati ankaimira yekha ena yofanana kunyumba, ndipo idzaonetsedwa komanso mawonekedwe awo. Koma pa mapu ndi lonse 1:50 000 mwayi wolalikira kumpanda yekha. Kodi chingachitike n'chiyani ngati inu kuwonjezera kwa 1: 1 miliyoni? Pankhaniyi, mzinda lonse lidzakhala akuonetsedwa ndi yaing'ono bwalo. Generalization makadi amatchedwa generalization mbali mpumulo, amene asunga pa kusintha kuchokera lonse zazikulu kwa ang'onoang'ono.

mayina Topographic, ngati inu mukuona, ndi osiyanasiyana. Imatithandiza kudziwa za zinthu akuyimila mapu. Mayina kumizinda, kumidzi, mitsinje, nkhalango, etc. Kodi zimasiyana Chrixitu. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa ndi zinthu zosiyana kwathunthu.

Potsiriza, kukuuzani ngati lingaliro monga m'dera dongosolo. Iwo anakumana kangapo m'nkhani ino, kungakhale bwino kwa owerenga.

Chithunzi cha malo

Pofuna kusunga nyumba, ndi kuphunzira chikhalidwe, mbali zofunika kwambiri pa chithunzi padziko lapansi. Malo ndi malo ochepa akhoza kujambulidwa kapena utoto. Childs, chithunzi lopangidwa ndi padziko lapansi. Choncho, pafupi ndi zinthu zina zojambulidwa pa izo, kuposa yaitali. Ndi chithunzi, ndi maonekedwe kutipatsa lingaliro alili. Komabe, iwo sangathe kuona zimene akalumikidzidwa ndi makulidwe a dziko lili lonse. Zinthu zimene zimaikidwa pamwamba, adzakhala akuoneka ngati malo chithunzi kuti pamwamba, kuti ndege. Chithunzi Choncho analandira amatchedwa zithunzi mlengalenga. Zinthu akuyimila izo, ofanana ndi momwe iwo kuyang'ana pansi. Awo udindo umene ndi makulidwe adzakhala kuonekera chithunzichi.

dongosolo m'dera komanso chikutumiza view pamwamba. Komabe, pali zambiri zosiyana pakati pa izo ndi chithunzi. M'dera dongosolo ndi zojambula anapanga pa pepala. Izo zikusonyeza maola mawonekedwe a padziko yaing'ono dziko. Mapulani amasiyana zithunzi zina kuti zinthu zonse kwa iwo, amasonyeza zizindikiro. mtundu wawo, pali zambiri. Losavuta wa iwo, amaonetsera zinthu payekha, chithunzithunzi dzina. M'dera dongosolo ndi mtundu wa mapu mtunda.