Zotsatira Main cha ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo

Ivan Grozny anali mwana wa Grand Prince Vasily III. Ubwana ndi unyamata cha wolamulira wam'tsogolo zinachitika mu nyengo yovuta kwambiri ya chipwirikiti m'mayiko Russian, adali ndi chikoka ndithu masomphenya tsogolo la Ivan IV udindo wake monga kalonga. Ndipo chifukwa cha Ivana Groznogo ulamuliro unakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko kuposa ntchito ina iliyonse ya Russian mfumu ya m'nthawi imeneyo.

Malinga angapo a mbiri, zinali ndiye kuti tsogolo la Russia anakhazikitsidwa monga wapadera civilizational ndi geopolitical mapangidwe a East ndi West.

Zocitika za kalonga ndi zotsatira lofunika kwambiri la ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo

Ivan IV anabwera wachifumu akadali anyamata kwambiri - mu 1547. chochitika chofunika chaka chino unali Moscow chiwembu anthu zionetsero ndi ululu wa boyars lapansi. The zipolowe anabwera chakuti mamembala ena anaphedwa Rurik mafumu. Ngakhale kwa seventini wazaka Prince, zinadziwika kuti boma amafuna akonzedwa yotakata kusintha: chilengedwe cha bureaucracy limodzi, kusintha kwa dongosolo milandu, buku la malamulo atsopano kuti akwaniritsa zofunikira za nthawi ndi zina zotero. Kwenikweni, ntchito imeneyi ndipo amayenera zotsatira yaikulu ya ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo mu ndale mkati mwa kalonga. Mu 1547 pamene kalonga pabwalo chinapangidwa ndi boma mwamwayi asonkha anthu otchuka, atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi akuluakulu, cholinga umene unali likhale kusintha zinthu zikuluzikulu mu dziko. zinthu zazikulu za anasankha wokondwa (dzina la boma, kulimbitsa mu historiography) anali otsatirawa:

• ndi ziŵalo dongosolo milandu ndi buku la zonse Sudebnik mu 1550;
• yogwirizanitsa achipembedzo malamulo a Mpingo m'dziko Russian ndi subordination wa mpingo olamulira;
• kusintha kwa boma zida, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kusintha kwa olemekezeka onse makamaka akuluakulu a boma komanso kudalira kwambiri za maboma a m'mayikowo pa boma;
• kusintha asilikali, kumakhala oyamba ndondomeko yunifolomu ya utumiki mu dziko ndi chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano ya asilikali zonse (oponya mivi gunners). Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi anali zikamera wa wamphamvu boma centralized m'malo unagawanika mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, Russian maukulu.

Oprichnina ndi mfundo yachilendo. zotsatira

Komabe, pambuyo 1560 pali kutsutsana pakati pa atsogoleri a nyumba yamalamulo osankhidwa ndi Grand Duke. Nthawi yotsatira ya mbiri Russian chikudziwika ngati "oprichnina" zimene Ivan IV mwini anapanga Corps wodzipereka wa asilikali ndipo anatsogolera mantha weniweni motsutsa apamwamba a m'mayiko Russian. Pa dzanja limodzi, izi zinachititsa kuti mfundo mafumu mtheradi, ndilo ndithu masoka njira kwa Europe pa nthawi imeneyo. Komano, ndi oprichnina anaika pansi pa mavuto zikuluzikulu inayamba pambuyo zaka ndi linatchedwa Mavuto Wamkulu. Inasanduka zofunika kwambiri ndi zotsatira za ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo udindo wa mayiko wa Moscow State. Linali woyamba wamphamvu gulu landale la kum'mawa Asilavo a Kievan Lazaro, mu zaka za m'ma XVI umayamba yogwira kukula kwa kulimbana Moscow kwa katundu wawo. Makamaka m'chigawo Baltic ndi kummawa likuvutika ndi zinthu zakale za Chitata gulu, kumene woyamba akalonga Russian anayamba mwachangu kuukira Ivan Grozny. Zotsatira gulu mwachidule mwachidule mu gome.

Zotsatira Main cha ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo. tebulo

Komabe, tiyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti zotsatira anasonyeza matebulo m'malo wopereŵera.