Zotsatira za lamulo la chikhalidwe - ndi chiyani? Concept, classification

Posachedwa, malamulo a miyambo adapeza tanthauzo lapadera. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa kwa anthu kuti sikugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zina za anthu, koma, mwa njira imodzi, zimakhudza pafupifupi nzika zonse. Lamulo la miyambo limayendetsa zofuna za anthu amalonda komanso anthu akudutsa malire ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera paulendo woyenda kupita ku bizinesi.

Ngakhale iwo omwe sali kuwoloka malire, koma amagwiritsa ntchito zachilendo, akugwirizana ndi miyambo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti msonkho waperekedwa pa zinthu zotere, zomwe zikuphatikizidwa nthawi yomweyo pamtengo. Motero, gawo limodzi la banja likuyendetsera malipiro a msonkho. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti malipiro amenewa amapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a msonkho. Malamulo a miyambo ndi osiyana komanso ambiri.

Mndandanda wa nkhani

Monga mu nthambi iliyonse ya malamulo, miyambo imakhalanso ndi zinthu zawo komanso zinthu zawo. Makhalidwe awo ndi ofunika kwambiri pophunzira chilango. Mutu wa malamulo a miyambo ndi mmodzi yemwe wapatsidwa ufulu ndi maudindo m'zinthu za miyambo. Iwo amagawidwa mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana:

• Akuluakulu amtundu;
• Atumiki a boma a mabungwe awa;
• Mabungwe alamulo;
• Anthu;
• Mabungwe apadziko lonse.

Lingaliro la malamulo a miyambo amasonyeza bwino momwe anthu ndi mabungwe amachitira. Mwachikhalidwecho iwo agawanika mu mitundu iwiri: yapadera ndi zina. Mitundu yoyamba ya malamulo a miyambo ndi matupi apadera ndi antchito a mabungwe awa. Ali ndi ntchito zina, ufulu ndi maudindo.

Kuzigawo zina za lamulo la chikhalidwe zingathe kukhala ndi anthu ndi mabungwe apamtundu, omwe chifukwa cha zochita zawo amagwirizana ndi matupi apadera. Mabungwe apadziko lonse amathandizidwanso mu izi.

Akuluakulu a miyambo

Ndondomeko ya mabungwe amenewa ndi mabungwe a boma, omangidwa malinga ndi luso. Choncho, SCC (Komiti ya Customs State), yomwe imatchedwa kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zachikhalidwe ku Russia, ili patsogolo.

Apa chirichonse chikukonzedwa mofananamo ndi machitidwe ena oyendetsa: mabungwe apamwamba apamwamba akutsogolera ndi kuyang'anira omwe ali pansi. Akuluakulu amtundu monga malamulo a miyambo amagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa (malingana ndi ziyeneretso):

• Komiti ya Customs State ya Russian Federation;
• Mabungwe amtundu ndi amitundu;
• Miyambo;
• Zotsatira za miyambo.

Akuluakulu amtunduwu ndi gulu la malamulo. Izi zimachokera ku machitidwe awo ndi ntchito zomwe zimachitika. Ayenera kumenyana ndi zochitika zonyansa, kunyamula katundu kunja, kugawenga kwapadziko lonse, ndi zina zotero.

Chikhalidwe chazinthu

Mitundu ya malamulo a miyambo yamtundu ndikuphatikizapo gulu monga chonyamulira. Cholinga chake ndikutumiza kudutsa malire a chikhalidwe kapena m'dzikoli. Ntchitoyi ikhoza kugwira ntchito komanso bungwe lalamulo kuphatikizapo. Lamuloli limapereka ntchito za lamuloli:

• Kuchita zogwirizana ndi zofunikira ndi malamulo a katundu wa katundu wokhazikitsidwa ndi Code;
• Kusunga ma bukhu a katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu miyambo ndi kupanga malipoti;
• Kulipira msonkho ndi malipiro molingana ndi Malamulo;
• Kuwongolera kupeŵa kutayika kwa chidziwitso cholandidwa kuchokera kwa wogulitsa katundu.

Wogulitsa malonda

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, woimira miyambo ndi mlembi yemwe amapanga ntchito m'malo mwa munthu wolengeza kapena munthu wina yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zogwira ntchito za miyambo. Mu gawo lake lingakhale ngati bungwe lalamulo, lomwe lalembedwa mu Register of Customs Brokers.

Amayanjana ndi ma declarants pazifukwa. Pankhaniyi, wogulitsa malonda sangakane kugwira ntchito ngati n'zotheka kumaliza. Zochita zonse zikuchitika ndi magulu onse awiri pokhapokha mogwirizana ndi Code. Oimira miyamboyi amaperekanso misonkho komanso malipiro ngati kuli kofunikira, komanso alibe ufulu woulula chinsinsi, kutetezedwa ndi malamulo ndi zina zilizonse zinsinsi.

Anthu

Monga tikudziwira, anthu amakhalanso ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe. Kuyambira kubadwa, munthu aliyense amapeza mphamvu zalamulo, zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi ufulu komanso kubweretsa maudindo. Pankhaniyi, munthu akhoza kutumiza zinthu ndi zinthu kunja.

Ndikofunika kudziwa cholinga cha kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ndege, chifukwa ichi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri. Ngati munthu akufuna kutumiza zinthu osati malonda, chidziwitso chidzakonzedwa malinga ndi njira yosavuta. Zaka zaposachedwapa, pakhala pali njira zowonjezera mphamvu za otsogolera pa malamulo a miyambo, zomwe zingakhale mabungwe alamulo ndi anthu pawokha.

Katswiri wa chilolezo cha miyambo

Maofesi a ma Customs awa amalembetsa malemba omwe amamumvera pokhudzana ndi kuika kwake. Pali mitundu iwiri:

• Katswiri wa gulu loyamba;
• Katswiri wa gawo lachiwiri.

Angakhale anthu omwe ali ndi chiyanjano cha Russian Federation, omwe angathe kukhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni, omwe adalandira maphunziro oyenerera ndi kupitilira mayeso kuti adzalandire chiphaso chapadera. Amapatsa anthu mpata wokopa miyambo. Kuti akhale katswiri wa gulu loyamba, wopemphayo ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:

• Maphunziro apamwamba kapena apamwamba apadera pa miyambo, malamulo kapena chuma;
• Khalani ndi chidziwitso chogwira ntchito pazaka 2 monga katswiri mu chilolezo cha kasitomala;
• Pezani kalata podutsa mayeso onse.

Kuti akhale katswiri wa gulu lachiwiri, wopemphayo amafunika:

• Khalani ndi maphunziro apamwamba achiwiri kapena apadera;
• Pezani kalata yoyenera.

Ndemangayi ndi yoyenera kwa zaka zitatu ngati wa katswiri wa gulu loyamba ndi zaka 2 ngati aperekedwa kwa katswiri wa gawo lachiwiri.

Otsatira malamulo apadziko lonse

Nkhani ya malamulo apadziko lonse ndiyo amene ali ndi ufulu wadziko lonse ndi ntchito zake, ndikuchita nawo mgwirizano. Ndi lingaliro ili, pali umunthu walamulo umene umalola munthu kukhala ndi ufulu mukulankhulana. Mitu ya malamulo a mayiko amitundu yonse ikuphatikizapo mayiko ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse.

Izi ndizowunikira kwambiri, koma pali malingaliro omwe munthu angathe kuchita ngati phunziro. Tsoka ilo, mu zenizeni zamakono izi sizingatheke. Chowonadi ndi chakuti maiko akunja a mtundu uliwonse amalamulidwa ndi zikhalidwe zina. Malingana ndi mfundozi, maiko akunja angakhale pakati pa boma kapena mayiko ena, choncho munthu sangakhoze kukhala phunziro m'njira iliyonse.

Pali chinthu china chomwe chimachitika pazinthu zapadziko lonse. Amazindikira maphunziro, omwe alibe makhalidwe ofunikira, komabe iwo amadziwika. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Vatican, mzinda waufulu kapena opanduka. Pazigawo zosiyana za chitukuko amatha kulowa mu chiyanjano cha anthu amitundu yonse. Choncho, malamulo a mayiko a mayiko onse akuphatikizapo mayiko, mabungwe ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi mayiko ena.

Mabungwe apadziko lonse

Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabungwe amenewa, ndizotheka kuthetsa Komiti Yogwirizanitsa Boma. Inakhazikitsidwa mu 1953 ku Brussels, ndipo dziko lathu liri pakati pa mamembala ake. Komabe, udindo wapamwamba kwambiri wa mayiko a mayiko a CIS ndi Bungwe la Customs. Amapereka zolinga izi:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito Union Union;
• Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko yogwirizana pazochitika za miyambo;
• Kukaniza kumodzi;
• Mpikisano wokondweretsa pochita ntchito zapadziko lonse.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhani za malamulo apadziko lonse zikuphatikizapo mabungwe omwe amaonetsetsa kuti chitukuko cha malonda padziko lonse chikhale pansi pa malamulo azachuma. Ayenera kuyendetsa njirayi pofuna kupewa njira zopanda chilungamo.

Kutsiliza

Lamulo la miyambo limakhala malo apadera pakati pa mafakitale ena. Anthu ake amagwirizana ndi wina ndi mnzake kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zabwino. Ayenera kuyendetsa ntchito zonse kuti azitsogolera zinthu ndi zinthu kunja. Chiwalo chilichonse chili ndi ntchito yake. Komabe, nkofunikanso kukhazikitsa zikhalidwe zowonongeka kwa maubwenzi omwe amapezeka pakati pa malamulo a miyambo. Kuyanjana kwabwino kumapanga dongosolo lomwe silingalephereke ndipo likhoza kuteteza mitundu yonse ya zolakwira panthawi yopita. Kufunika kwa ogwira ntchito pa miyambo lero kuli kovuta kwambiri. Chitetezo chathu chimadalira pa iwo, chifukwa amayang'ana katundu yense omwe alowa m'dziko.