Aleksandro Solzhenitsyn: biography ndi chilengedwe

Alexander Solzhenitsyn anabadwa pa December 11, 1918 ku Kislovodsk. Solzhenitsyn anaphunzira momveka bwino, koma mfundo zonse zokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso mwa iye zinali zamphamvu kuposa masamu. Mu 1939 adalowa mu Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History. Chaka chino analembedwa ndi Alexander Isaevich ndi chochitika china - ukwati ku NA. Njira. Chotsatira cha 1941 chinadza. Solzhenitsyn akufunitsitsa kutsogolo, koma pakugwirizanitsa kumalowa kumbuyo kwa nkhondo. Zotsatira zake zatsopano - ndipo adatumiza ku sukulu yamatabwa ku Kostroma, pambuyo pake Alexander mu 1942, potsirizira pake, akupita kutsogolo.

Solzhenitsyn adadzikhazikitsa yekha kutsogolo, osati popanda chifukwa chomupatsa Iye Chigamulo cha Nkhondo Yachikristu ndi Red Star ndipo amalimbikitsidwa pa udindo. Ntchito ya msilikali ingakhale yopambana, ngati ayi chifukwa cha "freethinking" yake. Chakumayambiriro kwa 1945, Alexander Isayevich anamangidwa ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti akhale zaka 8 m'misasa yampikisanowu. Mu May 1950, Solzhenitsyn anayenera kusintha boma losavuta la malo apadera kupita ku chiopsezo cha msasa wapadera ku Kazakhstan. Awa ndiwo masamba owopsa kwambiri m'moyo wa msasa wamtsogolo wa Nobel laureate. Kuwonjezera pa chirichonse mu 1951, mkazi wake anamuuza Solzhenitsyn za chisudzulo ndi iye komanso za banja lake latsopano. Chaka chotsatira iye anagwidwa ndi matenda owopsa - khansa. Njira zamankhwala, zidzakwaniritsidwa ndi ludzu la moyo lidzagonjetsa matendawa, ndipo kwa nthawi ndithu adabwerera. Kumapeto kwa chigamulocho, Solzhenitsyn anatumizidwa ku ukapolo wosatha ku mudzi wa Kazakh, kumene adaloledwa kusukulu ya sekondale chifukwa cha kusowa kwa aphunzitsi.

Mu 1956 Solzhenitsyn adakonzedwanso ndi Khoti Lalikulu. Amachoka ku ukapolo ndipo akukonzedwa ndi aphunzitsi mumzinda wina wa Vladimir komwe amalowetsa chipinda ndi mkazi wachikulire, yemwe ndi wachikulire, Matryena Zakharova. Moyo wake wodzala ndi mavuto ndi imfa yoopsa inayambitsa maziko a nkhaniyo "Matrenin Dvor". Pasanapite nthawi Solzhenitsyn anatha kusamukira ku Ryazan kukapeza ntchito kusukulu. Popanda kukhudzidwa, chilakolako cha tsogolo la Nobel chimawonjezeka. Amagwira ntchito m'mabuku "Mu First Circle" ndi "Tsiku Limodzi M'moyo wa Ivan Denisovich." Njira zomalizira za lakoni zimasonyeza chikhalidwe choopsa cha msasa, chomwe chinakhazikitsa moyo wa USSR yonse. Pa nthawi yoyamba yopambana, Solzhenitsyn adatha kusindikiza ntchito zingapo zing'onozing'ono ku Novy Mir, koma Cancer Corps, yomwe inavomerezedwa ndi magaziniyi, sinaone kuwala kwa zaka zambiri. Kenako Solzhenitsyn akuganizira za ntchito yake yaikulu, kuyambira mu 1959, Gulag Archipelago.

Mu "Archipelago" Solzhenitsyn Alexander amalongosola mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa misasa yambiri ndi zenizeni za kayendetsedwe kawo, akufotokoza za zolinga za anthu, pazifukwa zina, ndipo kawirikawiri - popanda zifukwa zomwe zagwera mu mphero ya "chilungamo" cha Soviet, ikufufuza zonse za moyo wa msasa ndi makhalidwe . Bukhu ili linalengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nkhani ndi makalata a zovuta zomwe zinalembedwa ndi wolemba.

Mu 1969, Solzhenitsyn anathamangitsidwa mu Writers 'Union, ofalitsa anayamba kumutsutsa momasuka. Kuzunzidwa kwa akuluakulu kumangowonjezera ulamuliro wa dziko lonse la Solzhenitsyn, ndipo mu 1970 adapatsidwa mphoto ya Nobel, yomwe iye, monga Boris Pasternak, sanaloledwe kulowa ku Stockholm.

Kwa kanthaŵi Solzhenitsyn ankakhala ku Germany, kenako ku Switzerland, ndipo kuyambira 1976 mpaka 1994 - ku America. Pazaka zake ku America, Solzhenitsyn anabwereza mobwerezabwereza m'magazini, akukhudza mavuto a ndale ku USSR ndi kumadzulo.

Mu 1994, Solzhenitsyn anabwerera kwawo ndikukhala ku Moscow, akupitiriza kugwira ntchito mwakhama. Ndipo zaka zonsezi, wothandizidwa ndi wolemba pazochita zake zonse anali mkazi wake wachiŵiri, ND. Svetlova, yemwe anali woyang'anira ntchito yosindikiza ndi nkhani za bungwe.

Pozindikira kuyenerera kwa Solzhenitsyn pakulimbana ndi ufulu wa anthu komanso pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwake kwa makumi asanu ndi atatu, wolembayo anapatsidwa chigamulo cha St. Andrew mu 1998, koma anakana kuvomereza iye pa zochitika za ndale komanso zachuma zosakhazikika m'dzikoli.

Ntchito yomaliza ya Solzhenitsyn ndi phunziro la mbiriyakale "zaka 200 palimodzi". Amayang'ana udindo ndi malo a Ayuda m'mbiri ya dziko la Russia. Ngakhale kuti wolembayo anali ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuchita zinthu mwachidwi, bukuli linapangitsa munthu kukhala wosasangalala.

Aleksandro Solzhenitsyn anamwalira pa 3 August 2008 kuchokera ku vuto lalikulu la mtima.

"Tsiku Limodzi la Ivan Denisovich"

Nkhani. Lolembedwa mu 1959, lofalitsidwa ndi AT Twardowski m'magazini ya "New World" (1962). Kutembenukira ku mutu wa msasa, wotchulidwa mwachindunji ndi wotsatsa malonda, Solzhenitsyn poyamba adakambilana nkhaniyi kufika pamtundu waukulu wa zojambulajambula ndi kutanthauzira koteroko, zomwe zinathetsa malingaliro a malingaliro a nthawi imeneyo. Solzhenitsyn adasonyeza kuti kuponderezedwa kwa Stalinist sizowonongeka ndi anthu oipa ndipo sikutembenukira ku Socialism, koma kufunikira kwa dongosololi, lomwe ndilokhalitsa komanso losaoneka. Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi kufotokozera za tsoka la mlimi Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, wofotokozedwa m'nkhani ya tsogolo la moyo wa msasa. Nkhaniyi ili ndi ululu chifukwa cha ulemu waumunthu, chifundo kwa anthu osalakwa, kulemekeza anthu omwe, monga Ivan Denisovich, ali kumbuyo kwa waya wamtambo, adatha kusunga makhalidwe abwino a umunthu. Zonsezi "Tsiku lina la Ivan Denisovich" linasintha maganizo mwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Matrenin yard

Nkhani. Linalembedwa mu 1959, loyamba lofalitsidwa mu "Dziko Latsopano" mu 1963. Dzina la wolemba - "Sikoyenera mudzi wina wopanda munthu wolungama." Pakatikati mwa nkhaniyi ndi chithunzi cha mkazi wamasiye dzina lake Matryona, yemwe tsoka lake limafotokozedwa potsatira zithunzi za mudzi wakufa. Pamodzi ndi zolembedwa za FA Abramov, ntchitoyi inakonzeratu njira ya "prose village".

"Gulag Archipelago"

Zolemba ndi zojambula. Linalembedwa mu 1958-1967, loyamba lofalitsidwa kumadzulo kwa 1973, ku Russia kokha mu 1989. Mmenemo, Solzhenitsyn anafotokozera mwachidule maumboni ambiri ndi zochitika zakale zomwe sizidziwika bwino ndi zochitika zandale za Soviet ndipo zinatulutsidwa ndi Stalin "mantha aakulu". "Gulag Archipelago" ndi buku lonena za kupha anthu ndi ozunzidwa, ponena za zolakwa za boma la chikomyunizimu, zomwe zinasandutsa dzikolo kukhala msasa waukulu. Icho chinakhudza kwambiri maganizo a anthu padziko lonse ndipo chinachotsa malingaliro onena za anthu osowa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikomyunizimu, omwe mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970 adatchuka kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri a azungu.