Bakuman mapu. Zizindikiro za mapu thupi chirengedwe

Map - maola chitsanzo cha padziko lapansi (dziko lonse kapena mbali payekha) inamangidwa ndi ntchito dongosolo gululi ndi zizindikiro zenizeni. Pa iwo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi. ndi zizindikiro za mapu chiyani? Ndipo mmene mitundu polimbikitsana?

Map ndi tanthauzo lake

Map - ndi chitsanzo ang'onoang'ono a dziko lapansili ndi maziko masamu. Ndi, pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi chida, ndi chifukwa cha ntchito ya malo, ndi kafukufuku. mapu Geographical athe kuphunzira malo wopambana ndi ntchito zamanja zambiri za cuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo ayenera kukhala enieni, mwatsatanetsatane ndi poyela.

mapu Geographical anawagawira:

• lonse;
• Kupititsa Kuphunzira;
• okhutira;
• Kusankhidwa.

Iwo akhoza kukhala zovuta ndi thematic, large- ndi ang'ono-ang'ono, maphunziro, sayansi, maphunziro ndi alendo.

Ngati bukuli lapangidwa makalata ndi mawu, mapu chirengedwe - anthu otchulidwa mwapadera. Ndipo kuwerenga molondola popanda mapu kapena dongosolo la m'dera sangathe. ndi zizindikiro za mapu chiyani? Ndipo kodi iwo kuyang'ana? Tiyeni tipeze pamodzi.

Kodi zizindikiro mapu

Mapiri, nyanja, nkhalango, midzi ndi misewu - zinthu zonsezi amalembedwa mapu mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro zina ndi zizindikiro. Izi zikhoza kukhala mizere, mizere lili, akalumikidzidwa zojambula kapena Zojambula yosavuta. Zoti zizindikiro mapu angathe kuchitidwa ndi thandizo la mtundu kapena shading. Zolemba Text amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ambiri.

Zizindikiro Hrs CT T kuimira dongosolo la mwapadera zizindikiro likutipatsa amene ntchito kusonyeza mitundu yonse ya zinthu, zochitika, ndondomeko ndi makhalidwe - Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe. Nthawi zambiri, dongosolo amatchedwa mapu nthano.

mapu Bakuman ziyenera kukhala zosavuta kuwerenga. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zofunika chofunika kwambiri chimene chimafika kwa yomanga makhadi aliwonse. Iwo ayenera bwino pozindikira ndi maso ndi zosavuta kukumbukira. N'chifukwa chake zizindikiro zambiri amatikumbutsa view akuonetsedwa iwo monga nzika kapena zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, chizindikiro kusonyeza Chigawo miyala kapena mwala kwenikweni ofanana ndi zinthu zimenezi.

Zizindikiro za mapu thupi malo osiyanasiyana ndipo gulu lawo

Mu zophiphiritsa zonse sanjira akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi akuluakulu:

1. Scale.
2. Scaleless.
3. Liniya.
4. Ofotokozera.

Scale (kapena polygonal mizere) zizindikiro posonyeza zinthu yaitali, maonekedwe ndi chikhalidwe chimenecho tingasonyezere pamlingo wa dongosolo kapena mapu. Zikuphatikizapo minda ya mayina, nkhalango, malo odyetserako ziweto, okhala m'mizinda, ndi zina zotero. N. The malire a malo akhoza tikuonera mizere olimba kapena kumugwetsera-lili.

Ngati chinthu akuchitira chochepa kukula, kotero kuti tingasonyezere lonse mapu, ndiye ntchito zizindikiro lonse. Iwo akuyimira osiyana mitengo, miyala, makina oyendera mphepo, smokestacks, mipingo, mchitidwe umenewu ndi T D..

zizindikiro liniya mapu ntchito ntchito misewu, njanji, malire utsogoleri, mizere mphamvu ndi zinthu zina zofanana. Zizindikiro ofotokozera kupereka mapangidwe zina za chinthu makamaka. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi midzi siginecha, nyanja, okwerera sitima ndi zinthu zina mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo muvi zikusonyeza malangizo a otaya mtsinje).

Monga mapu anasonyeza midzi ndi misewu?

Pa mapu zikuluzikulu ndi Zolinga za midzi m'dera kumujambula zofunikila ngati nkotheka. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo n'kukhala mawonekedwe awo ambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha dongosolo, anatsindika m'misewu ikuluikulu, njira, mabwalo, komanso ena nyumba yaikulu. Anasaina m'mizinda, monga ulamuliro, ikuchitika zilembo zazikulu, ku midzi ndi midzi - mu nkhani m'munsi. Kukula wosasintha zimadalira chiwerengero cha anthu a m'dera makamaka.

Road zopezera - chinthu chofunika cha mapu mwatsatanetsatane. Choncho, n'kofunika kusonyeza yonse ndi mwatsatanetsatane. Njanji pa mapu topographic zambiri amaimira mwamtheradi onse (wandiweyani mizere wakuda), kuonetsa kuchuluka kwa glycols ndi dashes yochepa. Ndipo kusonyeza siteshoni nsanja (rectangles), milatho ngalande ndi olondera, ndipo nthawizina - kuyenda thandala ndi semaphores.

Pa mapu kuimira ndi njira magalimoto msewu: msewu, msewu, pansi m'dera, nkhalango ndi misewu kumunda. Komanso misewu inali zambiri utoto lalanje.

Monga mapu anasonyeza matupi a madzi?

Mitsinje, nyanja mchere, ngalande, mitsinje ndi akasupe - zonse izi kwenikweni ntchito mapu a topographic. Pa sikelo izi zimatengera pa madzi mwatsatanetsatane wake kuwonetsera chinthu dera limene anapatsidwa.

Lakes contours mchere, malo pa mapu kuimira mizere buluu, ndi zinthu ali akuda buluu. Pamene ntchito mitsinje amasonyeza m'lifupi awo ndi kuya mu mamita (ntchito nusu), ndi otaya malangizo (kudzera mwa mivi).

Wells, akasupe ndi artesian zitsime kukondwerera ndi zizindikiro zapadera lonse. Dambo kuimira lalifupi mikwingwirima yopingasa a buluu.

Monga mapu limasonyeza mtunda ndi zomera?

Relief pa mapu topographic kuwonetsa mwa otchedwa mizere mizere. Awa ndi mizere wapadera polumikiza mfundo ndi okwera mofanana. Ndi thandizo lawo, mukhoza kudziwa za chikhalidwe cha padziko lapansi, ndi steepness ya otsetsereka, pamaso pa zosiyanasiyana mpumulo pansi. Cham'mbali zambiri amajambulapo bulauni kapena imvi.

Pafupifupi mapu mwatsatanetsatane mukuona "kanthu" ndipo "lamba" wobiriwira. Iwo - nkhalango. Malinga ndi zizindikiro lonse nawonso adatanthauzira, umene ndi nkhalango - coniferous, deciduous kapena osokonezeka. Nthawi zina, pali mungapeze mfundo pa msinkhu ndi makulidwe a mitengo ikuluikulu mu nkhalango, komanso mtunda pafupifupi pakati pa mitengo.

Ena zinthu likutipatsa pa mapu topographic kuimira zitsamba, meadows, minda, woodland, mabango ndi mamita P..