Chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19

Aliyense akudziwa kuti mu zaka za m'ma 19, Russia anayamba kwanthawi kumbuyo mu zachuma ndi chitukuko ndale ku Ulaya. Koma awa anali kuchepetsa ndi mofulumira kuwuka backlog chikhalidwe dera. Russian chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19 anasonyeza adzadziwire dziko. Iwo mwamphamvu kwambiri kufooketsedwa ndi nkhondo World ndi France mu 1812.

Boma Russian wakhala pachimake kuchepa kwa ophunzira, anthu adzakhale. Mkubwela kwa bizinesi ku Russia, vuto umenewu wakhala kwambiri panopa, iye anali kutsogolera chitukuko cha chikhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri boma ati ngakhale makampani kukula. malingaliro mwaukadauloZida olemba, publicists, aluso sanali zocheza ndi mafumu-osafuna kusintha. zinthu zayamba kusintha mofulumira ndipo kwambiri posakhalitsa anakhala nazovat m'ma 19 "Golden Age." A zisudzo, mabuku ndi nyimbo ya Russia inadziwika paliponse Western omvera.

Luso chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19 mchikakamizo cha malingaliro chakale anasiya nambala yaikulu katswiri. Zojambula wojambula analemba mu ambiri a anthu pa milandu mfundo za m'Baibulo. Iwo Nthawi zambiri amapezeka zithunzi m'nthano kapena zithunzi. chikhalidwe chathu cha m'ma 19 anapereka mbiri ya portraitists awiri otchuka - Oresta Kiprenskogo ndi Vasily Tropinin. Ndi iwo amene, mwa njira, anatisiyira ena chodabwitsa zithunzi mwatsatanetsatane moyo AS Pushkin. Wina wojambula odziwika kwa zaka za m'ma 19 - Karl Bryullov. Mu 1803 iye anapita zofukulidwa la mzinda wakale wa Pompeii, yemwe anawonongedwa ndi kuphulika chiphala. Bryullov anajambula chithunzi amatchedwa "masiku otsiriza a Pompeii," amene wamuchiritsa kudadziwika Europe. Patapita kanthawi, ndipo iye anakhala wotchuka zojambulajambula Alexander Ivanov. Patapita zaka 20 za moyo wake zoyenera ntchito pa kupenta "Maonekedwe a Khristu kwa anthu."

Iwo anali kusandulika m'zaka oyambirira 19 ndi zisudzo. Pa siteji munakwanisa kuona mmene staging wa olemba akunja monga Schiller kapena Shakespeare, ndi zoweta. Makamaka wotchuka ndi anthu anasangalala NV Puppeteer. Iye wakhala kulemba masewero osiyana mbiri. Kuzitsatira, omvera ankakonda satirical sewero lanthabwala Krylov ndi Fonvizin. Chapakati pa 19 m'ma zisudzo zimakhudza kwambiri mabuku. Pambuyo chilolezo cha Nicholas Ine powonekera anatenga kuyamba lalikulu la "The Inspector General" (Mlembi N. V. Gogol). The yojambula weniweni angatchedwe Glinka a pa sewero "Moyo wa mfumu."

Russian chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19 chidwi makamaka mabuku. Classicism pang'ono ndi pang'ono m'malo ndi kungotengeka maganizo kenako romanticism. Romanticism anamukwiyira ogaŵikana kupata ndi ndiwofatsa. ofunikira mabuku pano: Kiichelbecker Rileyev Davydov, Bestuzhev-Marly, Baratynsky, Zhukovsky. Komanso chachikulu olemba Russian Lermontov, Pushkin, Gogol zina analemba mabuku awo mwambo Achikondi. Kenako, msinkhu wina wa mabuku - Kuzindikira. Ankaona kuti woyambitsa wa Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina. Ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu yake, "Evgeniya Onegina", amaona lalikulu pa mabuku. "The Captain wa Mwana", "Boris Godunov", "The Mkuwa pamahatchi" - wotchuka kwambiri zimathandizadi ntchito ya Pushkin. Chuma lenileni la "Golden Age" angatchedwe "Tsoka kwa nzeru" Griboyedov, "Akufa Miyoyo" ndi Gogol ndi "Hero Nthawi" Lermontov. Ntchito za olemba kwambiri ndi ndakatulo, monga Nekrasov N. A. Turgenev I. S., Dostoevsky FM, Tolstoy L. N. ndi mu gawo lachiwiri kwa zaka za m'ma 19, kuyambira pamenepo amayamba kukula kwa ophiphiritsa, mmodzi wa mumaganiza chidwi kwambiri pa mabuku.

chikhalidwe Loona za m'ma 19 kubva pa nthawi iyi ya kusintha. Ntchito yaikulu ndi ankaimba ndi malamulo. Koma chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19 ku Ulaya kwambiri wosiyana zoweta. Utsamunda Europe kuwauza zofuna zawo. Panthawi imeneyi, kutukula zisudzo ndi mabuku mochedwa, koma anayamba nyengo yatsopano nzeru za European.