Chimakono pa zomangamanga. Masitaelo a zomangamanga. masitaelo yamakono ya zomangamanga

Chimakono pa zomangamanga ndi luso zina kusokonezedwa ndi modernity. Chotero olakwika n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa izo zifika ku mfundo mwachizolowezi: cognates amasonyeza chiyani za chinthu chomwecho, koma kuchita zinthu zosiyana. Nouveau - mawu amene amasonyeza nthawi mbiri pa nkhani ya luso, pamene chimakono - yotsimikizika malangizo amene amakhala osati kwambiri ndi zinthu zapadera, monga kalata yomasulira zinachitikira ndi cholinga cha zaka zam'mbuyo.

Iwo ukhoza ndipo tiyenera kuliona monga mapulani a nyumba, koma chodabwitsa mbiri. Mokulira anali litmus mayeso amene anatani chilichonse chimene chachitika osati dzikoli ndi anthu onse, komanso maganizo a anthu. Chimakono - kalembedwe view wa moyo, chizindikiro cha ziyembekezo za nthawi.

Kodi?

liwu lokha limachokera ku Italy, kumene mawu modernismo likumasuliridwa kuti "Masiku lonse." Nthawi zambiri, zinenero Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa ogwirizana - ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi French mawu moderne, ndi English - makono.

Kubwera kwa chimakono anali amayamba ndi kufunitsitsa kusamukira ku mlingo qualitatively yatsopano ya moyo mu mawonekedwe ake onse. M'ma latsopano ndi umisiri watsopano analenga mwambo wa sayansi mu maonekedwe ake hypertrophied, zomwe zikuoneka kuti ndi "hyperboloid wa akatswiri okonza Garin". Anthu a ku Ulaya mu 20 ntchentche za m'ma XX ali amasiya zotsatira za m'mbuyomu ndi kudzimenya kusinthidwa masitaelo a zomangamanga.

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, kukula kwa chimakono walandira mphamvu ndi chifukwa cha kusintha, onse m'bwalolo ndale komanso mu malingaliro a anthu. Komanso, azimuth latsopano linali anachita kwa owonjezera pathos, zachikale ndi affectedness, amene anali chibadidwe yemweyo kalembedwe zamunthawi ya Victoria. Chothandizira pa chitukuko cha chitsulo patsogolo sayansi kuti asiya ntchito polenga zipangizo, poyamba kufikako chifukwa primitiveness za ndondomeko kupanga.

kuyambira

Nazi chimakono chiyambi nayikidwa mu zaka za m'ma lomaliza. ndondomeko zinali zovuta kwambiri: izo kamadalira zinthu zazing'ono, mwakuwoneka kutali zomangamanga ndi. Nthawiyi zinali zodzaza ndi funde mbiri ya chitukuko cha mafakitale. Anthu ambiri anayamba kugwira ntchito mu m'mizinda ikuluikulu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyumba zina zatsopano anakhala nzika yaing'ono kwambiri, mopupuluma anamanga nyumba yatsopano imene nyumba anali lendi atsopano. Azikongoletsa kumanga aesthetics wotonza m'kukoma monograms, palibe mofulumira, ankaona kuti kupirira austerity. M'mawu ena, mamangidwe a theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 anathamangitsa ubwino yekha othandiza.

Zikhulupiriro zikuluzikulu za chimakono

zinthu zazing'ono mukhoza kupeza nthawi wamphamvu yaitali, kotero kuganizira mfundo.

• Modern zomangamanga analengedwa kwambiri yapamwamba, zipangizo zapamwamba kwambiri ndi kumanga amasiyana chodabwitsa, sanali muyezo mawonekedwe. Long moyo yamakonoyi mafakitale! Nyumba imangidwa ndi galasi, zitsulo ndi konkire. Chifukwa chakuti ambiri makampani popanga tingachipeze powerenga njerwa, sankamudziwa kwambiri za hardware, ambiri a iwo zinatha, sangathe kulowa yoweyula latsopano.
• Organization za danga mkati ndi zochokera makamaka magwiridwe a. Rationality anaika kutsogolo, monga kuyenera zoyambirira za m'ma XIX. Nyumba kwa anthu, osati anthu manyumba - tonsefe mayiko munthu, aspirant masiku ano.
• Complete renunciation a zinthu zokongoletsera ofanana ndi awonera m'mbuyomo. Ambiri, mfundo "anakopekanso" adatsitsa ngati wonyozeka wa nyengo yatsopano, anayamikira ukhondo kwambiri.
• Kupanda tsankho dziko anasonyeza ntchito yomanga yeniyeni ya nyumba kapena kamangidwe kake, tsogolo chimodzi onse.

imachokera

Chimakono pa zomangamanga kuoneka ngati n'chimodzimodzi ndi modernity, koma si zoona ngati chifukwa chakuti nthawi anasiya, atapanga mu Mipingo ya atumwi wotsiriza. Pankhaniyi, kukuchititsa zimenezi si lonse - chifukwa cha subjectivity ake ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana wapanga angapo nthambi zosiyana pakati pawo.

• Kamangidwe achilengedwe. Apo ayi, umatchedwa organic. Dzina lokha ndi momveka bwino cholinga cha azimuth Komabe, ali chake "koma." Anthu okhulupirira ndi kuyika pa mtima mwachibadwa, mitundu zofewa chibadidwe zinthu za dziko, ndi zipangizo ntchito pomanga kuti si nthawi zonse okha "amwala, ndi amtengo." Chinthu chachikulu ndi chuma chimene ali bwino, kupanga - ndi kwachilengedwenso ndi malo - zachilengedwe.
• Bauhaus. Magwiridwe mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. Gaudily-anabala nyumba, ngakhale pang'ono za zinthu zokongoletsera, osakaniza mayiko ndi zofunikira identically kukongola.
• Art Deco. Mu kuphunzira chimakono malangizo tisaiwale kuti ndi omveka bwino kwambiri, zovuta kwambiri. Kalembedwe masewero pa Mosiyana ndi Bauhaus, zochokera molimba Masamu, eclecticism, okhwima mosalekeza (aliyense chipinda ndi kugwilizana ndi nthawi ndi malo), kufika maonekedwe ndi osadziletsa kufuna mwanaalirenji monga zili zipangizo boldest fungo lokoma kwa alligator.
• Brutalism. M'kukoma kuvuta youma, palibe mankhwala dongosolo pamwamba. Monga zilili pamene dzina la kwathunthu amasonyeza chofunikira.
• Internationalism. Ganizo lakuti kukana cholowa chikhalidwe.
• Rationalism ndi Constructivism. masitaelo zikuluzikulu zomangamanga wa Soviet Union, zambiri anthu pansipa.

Zida ndi zitsanzo

Kalembedwe chimakono pa zomangamanga chinayamba mchikakamizo cha kusintha kupanga umisiri watsopano zipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, malowa alitcha kubadwa kwake kwa munda Zhozefu Mone, amene analenga konkire anatsindika. N'zochititsa chidwi zomwe ife tiri nazo izo mwangozi: izo poyamba zinakonzedwa kuti basi chomera chidebe, amene akhoza kukwaniritsa zosowa zake zonse.

Zomangamanga kuti zinamangidwa ku mwala kusiyana ndi omasuka zachitika wina akhoza kunena kuti, lightness ndi maziko mwachizolowezi nyumba onenepa.

Choyamba iyeyu anapeza ntchito yomanga mafakitale (osati zoipa kwa zinthu zimene poyamba amayenera kukhala mphika, sichoncho?), Ndipo kenako anasamukira ku dera la yomanga nyumba. Chifukwa cha ichi analowa kukhala chodabwitsa nthawi imeneyo, ntchito ya zomangamanga oonera chodabwitsa ndi ukulu.

Lightness ndi mphamvu bwino analimbitsa chimakono konkire. Kalembedwe a zomangamanga kwa mphindi imene inasanduka dziko: izo amaloledwa kumanga nsanja kulowererana m'malo ogulitsira, maofesi ndi utali zidzasintha yaikulu komanso kwambiri. Kuyenera otchulidwa chitsanzo cha Crystal Palace mu London, ku Brooklyn Bridge ndipo, ndithudi, Nyumba kuvina Prague. Apa m'pofunika kulankhula mosiyana.

Tidzakhalabe kuvina?

The zikuchokera idzafotokoza awiri mu mawonekedwe a zonenepa - mmodzi wa iwo anapanga mu kalembedwe tingachipeze powerenga, ndipo chachiwiri - mu zowononga. Kuvina nyumba otchedwa chifukwa mawonekedwe izo ake akufanana ndi kuvina mkazi - chithunzi ndi m'chiuno woonda ndi loyenda siketi amalenga nkhambakamwa kuyenda. Nkosafuna kunena kuti dongosolo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi nyumba ya zachikhalidwe kuti kuima mbali ndi mbali.

Soviet Union

Chimakono pa zomangamanga sanali pochitika ndi dziko lathu. Izi bwino kwambiri anasonyeza iyeyo makumi Mu zaka zapitazo, m'kukoma malangizo a rationalism ndi constructivism. Tiyeni tione aliyense wa iwo.

rationalism

Mawuwa anawamasulira ku Latin zikutanthauza "kulolera", ndipo ndi zimenezo. maonekedwe ake anali chifukwa chomwecho patsogolo luso. zofuna kusangalatsa anthu zasintha, ndipo mu Russia - Monogram anagwetsa m'njira zambiri, aliyense atatenga ntchito yeniyeni. Kuchuluka kwa danga, kuphweka, zothandiza, kufuna Mtheradi, opanda "kukongola chifukwa cha kukongola Mulungu." Chimakono cha m'ma 20 ntchito njira ena otchuka pa maganizo a munthu. Tikumbukenso kuti ndi malangizo a kwambiri "moyo" kuposa m'malo constructivism wake: rationalism anayesetsa kupereka nyumba yosalala, zosangalatsa kuona mizere ndi mosiyanasiyana.

chodabwitsa chilichonse nthawi womangidwa kwa umunthu, osati akwata ichi ndi kalembedwe imeneyi. Nazi inspirer ndi mtsogoleri wa mumaganiza anali katswiri wa zomangamanga ndi mphunzitsi Nicholas Ladovsky. Ngakhale tanthauzo lake a zomangamanga anali chinamulowerera ntchito pamoyo wake: analemba kuti zomangamanga umagwira ndi danga ndi danga ndiko kuchimake kwa zinthu zonse zimene tikufuna kunena otsatira rationalism. Pa yomweyo zikuchitika kwa zaka zapitazi sizinachitike adakana, ndi kuvomereza ndi ndondomeko mogwirizana ndi maganizo. umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe fano watsopano wa zomangamanga Soviet, ngakhale kuti anali zochepa wotchuka kuposa constructivism, amene ali otentha m'mbuyo.

constructionism

Izi zikuchitika mamangidwe amene anasonyeza chimakono cha m'ma 20 kuchokera chiwerengero. Zotsatira tinganene kuti apotheosis wa zothandiza ndi luso lamakono.

Otsatira constructivism, mosiyana rationalists ndi, makamaka anatsindika magwiridwe a nyumbayi, uku akunyalanyaza mayiko anthu. Inapatulidwa ndi cholinga chachikulu cha kuzindikira maganizo pang'onopang'ono. Njira zakale kolimba adakana, kulenga zinthu zatsopano, kopambana osiyana.

Zochita izi kwachititsa wowopsa kulankhula-nyumba (ofanana "limodzi"), zomwe lisachitike kuthekera payekha: ting'onoting'ono zipinda, ankauza kusamba ndi shawa, ankauza khitchini. Chirichonse umamumvera mfundo okhwima ndi malamulo. Chirichonse chinali bwino pa pepala, koma sanali zinchito tsiku ndi tsiku.

Tikamaphunzira ambiri, kalembedwe zomangamanga Russian panthawiyo cholinga chimodzi - posachedwapa kuti afike kutsogolo, kutaya nsinga ya zaka za m'mbuyomu stagnation ndi aliyense sitepe ya zothandiza masiku ano, mogwirizana oyera mizere.

modernity

Pakali pano, palibe yapamwamba kalembedwe, womwe ntchito pomanga nyumba. Onga kulekerera analola kuti amachita onse aakulu - tsopano aliyense akumanga pamene aona. Komabe, a mitundu yonse akadali zotheka kusiyanitsa zotsatirazi ano masitaelo a kamangidwe:

• Hi zamakono - ndi ode kupita patsogolo luso, kutsutsa yogwira mwachibadwa.
• Bio zamakono - ndi ode chilengedwe, osiyana ndime yoyamba: loyenda mizere zachilengedwe, kayeseleledwe wa zamoyo.
• Postmodernism - ndi ode kwa mbiri ndi Akasakaniza mitundu quirkiness, itanani chimakono mu ulemerero wake onse.
• Kitsch - ndi ode kwa misala ndi kukoma zoipa. Grotesque, akukokomeza mwatsatanetsatane. Aesthetics ndi sekondale, chinthu chachikulu - kuponya kovuta kwa anthu ndi kuima pa gululo.

chifukwa

Chimakono pa zomangamanga ali wotopa lokha zaka 80-TH zaka mazana makumi awiri. Kumene, nyumba anamanga malinga ndi malamulo ake, komabe lizigwira bwino, koma siyachilendo inamangidwa. Ngakhale kuti zaka za kutchuka kumbuyo, sakhoza saganizira chimakono - ndi chinthu chofunikira cha chitukuko cha zomangamanga ambiri.