Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti. Chisililiki makalata. Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki - Asilavo zilembo

Zilembo (Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti) - msonkhano mu dongosolo linalake zizindikiro zonse, zimene kusonyeza phokoso munthu wa chinenero. Kachitidwe kwalembedwa chizindikiro analandira chitukuko palokha kwambiri pa gawo la okhala anthu akale. Asilavo zilembo "Chigilagoliti", mwina, analengedwa choyamba. ndi chinsinsi cha zilembo msonkhano zolembedwa chiyani? ndi Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki ndi chiyani? ndi mtengo wa m'nkhaniyi chiyani? Pa lino.

Chinsinsi cha dongosolo olembedwa zizindikiro

Monga amadziwika, Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti - zilembo Asilavo. Dzina la Assembly analandira kuchokera kuphatikiza "Azirikamu" ndi "mumamera". chizindikiro Izi zikusonyeza zilembo ziwiri zoyambirira "A" ndi "B". Tikumbukenso ndithu chidwi mbiriyakale. zikande wakale zilembo pa mpanda wa pachiyambi. Ndiko kuti, anthu onse anali kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a zojambulajambula. Padziko m'ma 9 pa makoma a akachisi a Pereslavl anaonekera otchulidwa poyamba. zaka ziwiri kenako Chisililiki (zithunzi ndi kutanthauzira zizindikiro) wakhala alembedwa St. Sophia Cathedral ku Kiev.

Russian Chisililiki

Izo ziyenera kuti chopereka cha anthu otchulidwa zolembedwa, ndipo tsopano amayankha bwino kapangidwe phonetic chinenero Russian. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha mfundo yakuti kapangidwe phokoso la mawu zamakono wakale sanali kusiyana kwambiri, ndipo iwo anali wofunika kwambiri. Komanso, ayenera kupereka msonkho kwa anayambitsa dongosolo - Constantine. wolemba mosamala kuganizira phoneme (phokoso) gawo la mawu akale. Monga mbali ya zilembo za Chisililiki alipo yekha likulu makalata. Zosiyanasiyana otchulidwa - chapamwamba ndipo lowercase otchulidwa - Peter anali koyamba mu 1710-m.

zizindikiro Ofunika

Chisililiki kalata "Azirikamu" ndiye poyambira. Amatanthauza akuti "Ine". Koma tanthauzo lenileni la chizindikiro - mawu "poyamba", "chiyambi" kapena "kuyamba". Zolemba angapezeke "Azirikamu" ntchito amatanthauza "munthu" (as kadinala a). Chisililiki kalata "Buki" - wachiwiri chizindikiro chizindikiro deta. Mosiyana ndi "Azirikamu" ndi phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva zilibe kanthu. "Buki" - ndicho "" kapena "chifuniro." Koma monga ulamuliro, ndinkakonda chizindikiro ichi mu kusintha zinthu zinachitika m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, "Bodie" - "zilekeni", ndi "kudza kapena m'tsogolo" - "bouduschy". Chisililiki kalata "patsogolo" ndi chimodzi chidwi kwambiri pa khamu lonse. chizindikiro ichi limafanana ndi chiwerengero 2. "Kuwatsogolera" ali ndi matanthauzo angapo - "eni", "kudziwa" ndi "kudziwa".

The kumtunda kwa dongosolo zizindikiro olembedwa

Kuyenera anati kuti akatswiri kuphunzira maphunziro a m'nkhaniyi, anazindikira kuti anali mwachilungamo osavuta kumva, kulola ntchito kwambiri iwo mu kalembedwe ka. Komanso, aliyense Chisilavo mosavuta, popanda movutikira kwambiri angaimire iwo. anthu ambiri anzeru, azungu kuona mu dongosolo n'zosangalatsa kumva zizindikiro zosagwirizana ndi mfundo wa ku lapansi. Kuti afike anthu, kufunafuna coonadi, ubwino ndi kuwala.

Uthenga ana a Constantine

Izo ziyenera ananena kuti Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti ankapereka chilengedwe mtengo wapatali. Constantine ndi m'bale wake Methodius osati kusasintha zizindikiro olembedwa, koma adalenga msonkhamsonkha wapadera wa chidziwitso, akuitana kufunafuna nzeru, ungwiro, chikondi ndi nzeru, kupewa kudana, nkhwizi, nsanje, kusiya kokha kuwala. Pa nthawi ina ankaganiza kuti Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti zinalengedwa pafupifupi imodzi. Komabe, izi sizinali choncho. Malinga ndi nambala ya makedzana, woyamba uja ali Chigilagoliti. Kuti msonkhano umenewu anali woyamba ntchito pomasulira mabuku achipembedzo.

Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki. Yerekezerani. mfundo

Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti zinalengedwa pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zikusonyezedwa ndi mfundo zambiri. Chigilagoliti, pamodzi ndi zilembo za Chigiriki, chinali chiyambi cha Chisililiki ina. Mu kuphunzira zizindikiro polemba chokumanako ofufuza za dziwani kuti chizindikiro ndi zambiri chachikale chinkawavuta (makamaka mu kuphunzira "masamba Kiev" m'zaka za m'ma 10). Ngakhale zilembo za Chisililiki, monga tatchulazi, phonetically kwambiri pafupi ndi chinenero chamakono. Nkhani yoyambirira mu mawonekedwe a chithunzi mawonekedwe a zilembo pachibwenzi 893, chaka ndi pafupi phokoso ndi kapangidwe lexical wa chinenero cha anthu wakale wa South. Pa Chigilagoliti amakezana amasonyeza komanso tithe kuwerenga, lomwe ndi mipukutu pa zikopa, limene akale anafukula kutali ndi zolembedwa pa watsopano. Iwo onse anafukula pa zilembo Chigilagoliti, kenako pamwamba pa izo alembedwa Chisililiki. Palibe mabuku inali njira zina padziko ayi.

Maganizo a Mpingo wa Katolika

Mu mabuku pali umboni kuti msonkhano woyamba wa zilembo linapangidwa ndi Constantine Wafilosofi mu kalata imodzi wakale runic. Akukhulupirira kuti akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Asilavo mu yakale komanso wopatulika kuti achikunja pamaso Chikhristu analandira. Koma Koma umboni wa ichi zoona, kutsimikizira kukhalako kwa script runic, palibe. Roma Katolika, anatsutsa khalidwe ntchito mu chinenero Chisilavo kwa Croat Chigilagoliti yodziwika monga "zilembo Gothic." Alaliki ena poyera anatsutsa zilembo yatsopano, ndi kunena kuti kupangidwa ndi wosokoneza Methodius, amene "pa Chisilavo kulemba ambiri wonama chipembedzo cha Chikatolika."

khalidwe ndi maonekedwe

Glagolica ndi zilembo za Chisililiki wosiyana ndi mnzake mu mawonekedwe. Mu ina kulemba dongosolo maonekedwe zizindikiro zina mphindi izo chikugwirizana ndi Khutsuri (Chijojiya kalata analenga zisanafike zaka 9, pa maziko, mwinamwake, Chiameniya). chiwerengero cha makalata ndi mu zilembo zosiyana ndi chimodzimodzi - 38. ena otchulidwa mu payekha ndi dongosolo lonse "dorisovyvanie" mabwalo ang'onoang'ono malekezero a mizere, monga lonse, ali ndi kufanana kutchulidwa kwa Ayuda zilembo wokhulupirira Cabala akale ndi "runic" Chiayisilandiki cryptography. mfundo zonsezi zikhoza kukhala mwachisawawa kwathunthu, popeza pali umboni kuti Constantine Wafilosofi malemba akale a Chihebri pachiyambi, ndiko kuti, ndinali bwino kum'maŵa script (amafotokozedwa "Moyo wa" wake). Mark pafupifupi makalata onse Chigilagoliti amakonda amapeza kuchokera kalembedwe ka Chigiriki. Pakuti otchulidwa sanali Greek ntchito dongosolo la Chiyuda. Koma pakati pa yeniyeni ndi konkire mitundu mafotokozedwe mawu amene anawalemba pafupifupi khalidwe lililonse umodzi ayi.

Kufanana ndi kusiyana

Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti zilembo Mabaibulo awo oyambirira a kapangidwe kake ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu zofanana. Only zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe ndondomeko. Mu Baibulo lachiwiri la malemba Chigilagoliti typographically zizindikiro m'malo Chisililiki. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti anthu angapo lero mukhoza kuzindikira chizindikiro zambiri wakale. Koma m'malo zilembo wina ndi mzake si amatsatira mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva makalata. Nthawi zina zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti chisokonezo. Mwachitsanzo, manambala ndi Chigilagoliti zogwirizana ndi dongosolo la zilembo okha, ndi manambala Chisililiki umanena anthu zilembo Greek.

Kusankha kalata wakale

Kawirikawiri kulankhula za mitundu iwiri ya zilembo Chigilagoliti. Kusiyanitsa wamkulu "zozungulira" umatchedwanso kuti "Chibugariya" ndipo kenako "okhota" kapena "Croat" (otchedwa chifukwa chakuti ntchito mu ntchito ya kulambira Chikolowesha Catholic mpaka cha m'ma 20.). chiwerengero cha anthu a lomaliza utachepa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera m'nkhaniyi 41 30. Komanso, panali (pamodzi ndi buku udindo) kalata zazing'ono. Chigilagoliti pafupifupi konse ntchito ku Russia - zina, pali osiyana "akagwidwa ndi zikanga" zidutswa Chigilagoliti lemba mu Chisililiki. kalata wakale kwenikweni cholinga popereka (kulanda) misonkhano ya mpingo, ndipo anasunga oyambirira Russian zipilala la zilembo za m'banja kwa nthawi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity (mawu akuti wamkulu akuti ndi mawu osonyeza theka 1 m'ma 10 pa mphika, anapeza pa chitunda Nest) ali Chisililiki .

mfundo ongolankhula za ulamuliro wa chilengedwe cha kalata akale

Mokomera Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti zinalengedwa panthawi zosiyanasiyana, kunena zinthu zingapo. Pa nthawi yomweyo woyamba anakhazikitsa maziko a lachiwirilo. The chipilala wamkulu wa Asilavo polemba analilemba mu Chigilagoliti. More zinthu zatsopano monga lemba bwino. mipukutu Chisililiki, kuwonjezera, zinthu zingapo zochititsa anakopera ku Chigilagoliti. Malamulo choyamba, kalembedwe ndi kalembedwe ndi kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe changwiro choposa. Mu kusanthula mipukutu ndinawona malumikizanidwe mwachindunji ya zilembo Chigilagoliti Chisililiki. Choncho, kalata otsiriza ayamba ofanana ovuta makalata Greek. Mu kuphunzira malemba patsogolo kwambiri anati zolakwa kuchuluka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti ankagwira dongosolo losiyana la correspondences lapadera. mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva anali woyamba lolunjika pa zilembo za Chigiriki.

Kodi dongosolo la zizindikiro olembedwa akadali anakwana Constantine?

Malinga ndi ena olemba amakhulupirira kuti nzeru anali woyamba Chigilagoliti, ndipo ndi thandizo la m'bale wake Methodius, - zilembo za Chisililiki. Komabe, pali umboni potsutsa izo. Constantine analidziwa ndi Chigiriki. Komanso anali mmishonale kum'mawa Orthodox. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ntchito yake inali kukopa anthu Asilavo kwa Mpingo Greek. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zinali zosamveka kwa iye akatunge dongosolo olembedwa ukusunthira kutali anthu saphunzira amaonera ndi kumvetsa Malemba kwa anthu amene Greek anali kale bwino. Atalenga latsopano zipangizo zambiri kulemba dongosolo, zinali zovuta kulingalira kuti wakale chachikale chinkawavuta kalata adzakhala otchuka kwambiri. Zilembo za Chisililiki anali lomveka bwino, losavuta wokongola bwino. Zinali yabwino kwa anthu ambiri. Pamene Chigilagoliti anali ndi cholinga yopapatiza, ndipo chinali kumasulira wopatulika mabuku mapemphero. Zonsezi zikuloza chakuti Constantine ankachita nawo kukafola dongosolo zochokera Greek. Ndipo kenako Chisililiki ndi zambiri yabwino ndi yosavuta dongosolo, m'malo Chigilagoliti.

Ofufuza ena

Sreznevsky mu 1848 m'mabuku ake kuti pamene mumayesto makhalidwe a anthu osiyanasiyana Chigilagoliti, tinganene kuti ndi kunadetsa chachikale chinkawavuta, ndi Chisililiki - ndi changwiro choposa. Ubale wa kachitidwe agona mu ena lettering, phokoso. Koma pa zilembo chomwecho Chisililiki wakhala mosavuta komanso mosavutikira. Mu 1766, chaka ndi Earl Clement Grubisichem anatulutsa buku za chiyambi cha machitidwe olembedwa chizindikiro. M'buku lake wolemba ananenetsa kuti zilembo Chigilagoliti analengedwa yaitali asanabadwe ndipo potere ali mochuluka wakale Kutolere otchulidwa kuposa Chisililiki. Pafupifupi mu 1640, Angelezi, chaka Raphael Lenakovichem "kukambirana" linalembedwa, limati pafupifupi chinthu chomwecho ndi Grubisich, koma pafupifupi zaka 125 m'mbuyomo. Pali mawu Chernoriza wolimba (chiyambi cha m'ma 10). M'buku lake "Pa Kulemba" anatsindika kuti Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti asemphana kwambiri. M'malemba wake Chernoriz Olimba Mtima zikusonyeza analipo kusakhutira analengedwa ndi abale Constantine ndi Methodius dongosolo zizindikiro olembedwa. wolemba bwino ndithu limasonyeza kuti anali Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti sindikunena izo woyamba choikidwacho pamaso wachiwiri. Ena ofufuza za, mumayesto kutsatira ena otchulidwa ( "u", mwachitsanzo) Kodi kupatulapo amene tafotokozazi, pozindikira. Choncho, monga ena olemba, izo atalenga zilembo za Chisililiki, ndi pamenepo pokha - zilembo Chigilagoliti.

Pomaliza

Ngakhale nambala mwachilungamo lalikulu la malingaliro maganizo za maonekedwe a Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki, mtengo wa dongosolo olembedwa zizindikiro ndi waukulu. Zikamera zizindikiro pamanja Kukwaniritsa anthu amatha kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Komanso, chilengedwe cha abale Constantine ndi Methodius anali nkhokwe adziwe. Pamodzi ndi zilembo anapanga chinenero mabuku. mawu ambiri lero zimapezeka zosiyanasiyana m'zilembo ofanana - Russian, Chibugariya, Chiyukireniya ndi zinenero zina. Pamodzi ndi dongosolo latsopano la zizindikiro olembedwa ndi kuzindikira zinasintha anthu a masiku amakedzana - Ndipotu chilengedwe cha zilembo Asilavo anali kugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kulalikira kwa chikhulupiriro wachikhristu, kusiyidwa kwa wakale achikale mipatuko.