Chiwembu mu mabuku - ndi chiyani ichi? Development ndi nkhani zinthu mu mabuku

Modern chiphunzitso zolembalemba amapereka matanthauzo angapo akuti "chiwembu". Malinga Ozhegova chiwembu mu mabuku - dongosolo la zochitika ndi aya. Ushakov a Dictionary kuti kuwatengera ya zochita, kugwirizana ndi chilimbikitso kwa analamula zimene zikuchitika ntchito.

Ubale ndi chiwembu

Mu Russian kutsutsa zamakono za chiwembu ali tanthauzo chosiyana. Chiwembu mabuku kudziwa mmene zochita za zochitika, zimene otsutsa ali kuululidwa. Chiwembu cha yemweyo - mbali yaikulu ya mkangano.

Komabe, m'mbuyomu, panali kupitiriza kukhala mfundo zina maganizo pankhaniyi. otsutsa Russian za m'ma XIX atumwi, mothandizidwa ndi Veselovsky ndi Gorky anakhulupirira chiwembu compositional mbali, umu ndi mmene wolemba imatiuza zili ntchito yake. Nthano mu mabuku - ndi, maganizo awo, kwambiri chitukuko cha zochita ndi zilembo ubale.

kutanthauzira Izi ndi zosemphana ndi zimene mu dikishonare Ushakov, amene nkhani - ndi ochititsa zochitika mauthenga awo siriyo.

Pomaliza, pali mfundo yachitatu ya view. Amene amakhulupirira kuti mukukhulupirira kuti maganizo "chiwembu" alibe phindu palokha, ndipo pomaliza akukwana kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "nkhani", "zikuchokera" ndi "chiwembu chiwembu."

Mitundu ndi embodiments mankhwala madera

akatswiri amakono kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri chachikulu cha chiwembu: Nkhani ndi concentric. Chrixitu iwo amasiyana chikhalidwe cha ubale pakati pa zochitika. Chinthu chachikulu, titero - nthawi. Chronicle mtundu masewero Inde zachilengedwe. Concentric - zochokera salinso pa thupi ndi m'maganizo.

Concentric chiwembu mabuku - ofufuza, yonthunthumilitsa, chikhalidwe ndi maganizo mabuku, sewero. Chronicle ndi ambiri mu Maulendo, ndi sagas ntchito ulendo.

Concentric chiwembu ndi zochititsa

Pankhani ya mtundu uwu kumene zochitika pali bwino nkhani causal kugwirizana. Development wa chiwembu mu mabuku a mtundu uwu mogwirizana ndi zomveka. Ndi zovuta kumunyamula kunja eyeballs ndi kudzipatula. Njira loyamba zimayambitsa zotsatirazi, zonse zochitika ngati anakoka pamodzi wagawo wina. Wolemba ikufotokoza nkhondo.

Komanso, mankhwala akhoza kukhala liniya ndi angapo mzere - ubale causal lili komanso, kuposa kuti, watsopano mizere iliyonse nkhani ndi chifukwa cha zinthu ndi kale. Onse a nkhani ofufuza kapena yonthunthumilitsa anamanga pa nkhondo zolaula.

newsreel nkhani

N'zotheka kukaniza concentric, koma kwenikweni osati kutsutsidwa, koma mfundo zosiyana ntchito yomanga. Izi mitundu ya nkhani mabuku mwina interpenetrate mzake, koma nthawi zambiri kutithandiza kuona ndi chimodzi kapena chimzake.

Change zochitika ntchito, anamanga mfundo ya topicality, yogwirizana ndi nthawi. Pasakhale tayi kutchulidwa, palibe okhwima zomveka causal kugwirizana (kapena, pafupifupi, pankhani imeneyi si zoonekeratu).

Ife tiri mu ntchito imeneyi mukhoza kupita pa zosiyanasiyana zochitika, okwana amene yekha kuti zimachitikadi kuti mumve. Topicality wa nkhaniyi mabuku - ndi mnogokonfliktnoe ndi Mipikisano chigawo nsalu kumene zotsutsana uka ndipo chimatha, m'malo ndi limodzi ena anabwera.

Chiwembu, pachimake, denouement

Ntchito, chiwembu cha ozikidwa pa nkhondo, ndi analandira chiwembu chilinganizo. N'zotheka kupeza mbali chigawo. zinthu nkhani mabuku komanso kufotokoza, chiwembu, mikangano, mmene kuchuluka kwa vutoli, kukwaniritsidwa, kanthu pansi, denouement.

Ndithudi, zonse zinthu izi alipo osati aliyense mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kukumana angapo a iwo, monga chiwembu, nkhondo, ntchito za chitukuko mavuto, kukwaniritsidwa ndi denouement. Komano, ali ndi phindu kuti ndendende kumvetsetsa mankhwala.

Ndinakumana chikutanthauza - gawo kwambiri malo amodzi. cholinga chake - kuyambitsa ena mwa anthu ndiponso vuto la kanthu.

chiwembu chikulongosola zochitika chimodzi kapena zingapo zimene kutsogolera ntchito yaikulu. Development wa chiwembu mabuku ndi ndi nkhondo, zotsatira kuchuluka kwa mavuto a pachimake. Iye - pachimake pa ntchito, chimene chimagwira ntchito kwambiri kuulula mawonekedwe a m'nkhaniyi ndi kutumizgika mkangano. Decoupling anawonjezera liza chikunena nkhani inanenedwa ndi mawonekedwe a zisudzo ndi.

Mu mabuku pali ena nyumba chiwembu chithunzi maganizo wolungama ku nsonga ya yaikulu owerenga. Aliyense amafotokozera ali anafotokoza bwino za udindo wake ndi kufunika.

Ngati nkhaniyo si woyenera mu chiwembu, zikuoneka aulesi, zovuta kuzimvetsa, n'kosathandiza. Amathandiza chidwi owerenga ankamvetsa otchuka ndipo anafotokoza zimene zikuchitika ndi iwo, zonse ziyenera kukhala malo ake ndi kukhala motsatira malamulo awa maganizo.

Chithunzi cha mabuku Old Russian

Ancient Russian mabuku, monga mwa D. S. Lihacheva, ndi "mabuku a mutu wina ndi wina lathu." World mbiri ndi tanthauzo la moyo wa munthu - izi ndi zofunika, zakuya zolinga ndi mfundo za olemba a nthawi imeneyo.

Chithunzi cha mabuku Old Russian zivumbulutsidwe kwa ife mu moyo, zolemba, kuyenda (kuyenda mafotokozedwe), mbiri. Mayina a olemba ambiri a iwo sakudziwika. Pa nthawi imeneyi ku Old Russian gulu zikuphatikizapo ntchito zolembedwa mu zaka XI-XVII.

The zosiyanasiyana mabuku chi

Pofunafuna m'kagulu ndi kufotokoza nkhani ntchito zinalengedwa kangapo. Mu buku lake, "Zinayi-mkombero" Jorge Luis Borges adafotokoza kuti mu mabuku dziko pali anayi okha a iwo:

• kupeza;
• kudzipha mulungu;
• kubwerera pa ngongole;
• za kuukira ndi chitetezo cha mzindawo.

Kristofer Bukker limatchula zisanu ndi ziwiri "kuchokera nsanza chuma" (kapena mosinthanitsa), ndi ulendo, "mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo" (pano n'loti "The Hobbit" Tolkien), Comedy, tsoka, kuuka ndi kugonjetsa chilombo cha. Georges Polti anabweretsa zinachitikira lonse ofotokoza dziko kwa 36 mfundo chiwembu, ndi Kipling kuzindikiridwa 69 mitundu.

Ngakhale osiyana mbiri akatswiri sanadzisiyira chidwi ndi nkhani imeneyi. Malinga ndi Carl Gustav Jung, wotchuka Swiss zamaganizo ndi woyambitsa wa zamaganizo mawunikidwe, ndi mitu yaikulu ya mabuku amamuona ngati, ndipo asanu okha - ndi mthunzi, anima, animus, mayi ake, bambo wokalamba ndi mwana.

Cholozera nkhani wowerengeka

Koposa zonse, mwina ndi "allocated" olemba mwayi dongosolo Aarne-Thompson-Uther - limanena kuti kuli pafupifupi 2,500 mitundu.

Komabe, akulankhula za m'nthano. dongosolo - chikwatu Cholozera maphwando a nkhani, kudziwika kwa sayansi pa nthawi ya ntchito yaikulu imeneyi.

Pakuti njira ya zochitika pali tanthauzo limodzi lokha. Chiwembu mu mabuku a dongosolo ngati ali motere: "wa stepdaughter kuzunzidwa naye ku nkhalango ndi kuponyedwa kumeneko. Baba Yaga, kapena Frost, kapena goblin, kapena miyezi 12, kapena yozizira mayeso ndi mphotho. Omwe mwana ondipeza, Akufunanso mphatso, koma sikuti zoyenera ndi kufa. "

Ndipotu Aarne anapereka osapitirira ndi zitsanzo zikwi mu nthano, koma anavomereza kuti pali kuthekera kwa zikamera wa latsopano ndi kuwasiya iwo mu gulu awo oyambirira. Choyamba analowa m'dera maphunziro ndipo anazindikira mwa ambiri Cholozera. Kenako, asayansi a m'mayiko ambiri mwaisandutsa kuwonjezapo awo.

Mu 2004, panali Handbook Mkonzi zomwe mitundu zafotokozedwa wosangalatsa anali kusinthidwa ndipo anapanga yolondola. Izi Baibulo Cholozera zili mitundu 250 atsopano.