Chofunikira ndi zizindikiro zoyamba za mphamvu okhawo

Indicators mphamvu okhawo akusonyeza kuti kampani ali ndi mwayi zimakhudza mtengo wa zinthu zopangidwa ndi kusintha kuchuluka kwa katundu kugulitsidwa m'misika. Mlingo wa ndi wachibale ndithu, ngati msika si chimodzi, koma opanga angapo mankhwala ofanana.

Magwero kapena zinthu

Pakuti makampani kupereka msika ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi mphamvu okhawo:

• gawo yaikulu ya gulu msika mu pempholo;
• pakalibe katundu aliyense chokwanira mmalo chimene chichititsa kampani ndi mphamvu okhawo.

Komanso, chizindikiro angatchedwe ndi elasticity ka kufunika kwa mankhwala a bungwe.

zizindikiro chotero mphamvu okhawo akusonyeza kuti kampani akayike mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa mankhwala zathu, musazengereze zinthu aliyense Kuchepetsa.

oligopoly

Ichi ndi wapadera msika dongosolo, imene namtindi wa malonda zimapangidwa ndi mabungwe ochepa lalikulu, omwe ndi mwayi mwachindunji zimakhudza mtengo msika. mbali yake ikuphatikiza mfundo zotsatirazi:

• msika ali ndi makampani ochepa lalikulu;
• makampani ndi opondapo pamsika, ndiko kuti, iwo azipereka zizindikiro za mphamvu ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa mtengo;
• kufunika pamapindikira lililonse mwadongosolo osiyana, "kugwa" khalidwe;
• Makampani ndi mosamala zogwirizana ndipo zimadalirana;
• Pali zopinga zambiri kumsika anayamba ntchito gulu lirilonse latsopano;
• palibe kuthekera kwa ziwerengero yachibadwa kufunika;
• n'zosatheka kudziwa MR;
• pali zotsatira za interconnection konsekonse.

Maonekedwe ndi mitundu ya makhalidwe

Chifukwa cha kusamvetsa khalidwe msika limapezeka nambala yaikulu zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana oligopoly, amene anawagawa akamagwiritsa noncooperative kapena khalidwe amandimvera.

Ngati tikulankhula za khalidwe sanali mogwirizana, aliyense wogulitsa munthu akhoza kwathunthu paokha vuto la tipeze phindu ndi linanena bungwe okwana malonda. Pamene khalidwe mukupanga makampani onse amene ali ndi zizindikiro za mphamvu ndi ulamuliro waukulu mu msika, ntchito limodzi pothetsa nkhani zimenezi.

Mitundu womwewo wa khalidwe ndi angapo.

cartel mgwirizano

Kuipitsidwa ndi mtundu oligopolistic khalidwe, zomwe mapeto mapangidwe otchedwa cartels, ndiye magulu a makampani, zofanana zosankha zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mabuku kupanga mankhwala ena komanso kufunika kwawo monga ngati iwo ali m'gulu limodzi ndi ntchito yekha mphamvu msika.

Khama la mtengo umodzi kuti azipeza ndalama chifukwa aliyense wa cartel, koma, nthawi yomweyo ndi kuwonjezeka mu mtengo pali kuchepetsa kuvomerezedwa mu buku kupanga. Pomaliza ngati pangano, aliyense kampani akuyesera kuwonjezera phindu lake mpaka kufika penapake, iwo amayamba nthawi akuphwanya pangano mseri kwa ena pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa mitengo ya zinthu, zomwe mapeto ake ndi chiwonongeko cha cartels anapanga.

Ngati mulibe kuganizira mfundo yakuti okhawo mphamvu zizindikiro monga zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuteteza maonekedwe ndi zovuta, pali zingapo mwayi wina kuti achotse kuthekera kuipitsidwa. Kwenikweni, nkhawa makonzedwe a zinthu zotsatirazi:

• kusiyana ndalama ndi kufunika;
• ambiri makampani mu makampani;
• pakutchulidwa wa sichikuyenda mwadzidzidzi;
• n'zotheka kulowa msika makampani Mamembala atsopano.

Komanso, Dziwani chakuti kuipitsidwa angalepheretse makampani okha, ochita chinyengo, zochokera kuchepetsa ndalama chobisika pamaziko a mtengo tsankho mankhwala malonda.

Utsogoleri mtengo

Utsogoleri mtengo kapena, monga iwo ukutchedwa, chiwembu chete ndi mgwirizano analowa pakati oligopolists angapo ndipo amasonyeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtengo zina zopangidwa awo. Mfundo yeniyeni apa ndi kuti magulu osiyanasiyana a mderali akutsogoleredwa ndi mitengo zimene anatsimikiza ndi mtsogoleri limodzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, motero, mu namtindi wa milandu mtsogoleri wa bungwe amasankhidwa, umene uli waukulu mu dera ake osiyana.

Kaya mmene zizindikiro kwa zosiyanasiyana okhawo makampani mphamvu bungwe, mtsogoleri kupezerapo mu kusintha mtengo kungakhale motere:

• kusintha mtengo nthawi ikuchitika ngati pali kusintha kwakukulu pa ndalama;
• likubweralo Baibulo la mitengo kale lipoti zimafalitsidwa;
• mtsogoleri mtengo sikuti kusankha mtengo yabwino.

mitengo Control

Mwambo umenewu ndi Ndinapereka ndalama yochepa mafuta, amene amalenga zovuta kwambiri kuti ena makampani ena ayamba nawo msika. Dziwani chakuti kampani kwa nthawi zina angasiye phindu lililonse chabe kuteteza oyamba mu msika kupikisana bungwe.

Limagwirira mchitidwewu ndi losavuta kwambiri. Poyamba, makampani kuti ndi okhawo mphamvu ntchitoyo Mlengi, amanena pafupifupi mtengo osachepera m'tsogolo mpikisano, kenako kungoika mitengo ya zinthu pa mlingo m'munsi.

"Mtengo-kuphatikiza"

Izi mitengo mwina ndi kutsatira machenjerero imene ndondomeko adziwe kufunika oligopolist woyamba anachita zambiri ziyenera zake pafupifupi variable mtengo kwa makamaka wopita kupanga msinkhu, kenako anawonjezera kuti "Cape" mu maonekedwe a kuchuluka kwa phindu. Dziwani kuti Cape ali kukhala ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwathunthu kuphimba AFC, pamene kupereka phindu yachibadwa.

mpikisano wangwiro

Mu mpikisano wangwiro amapereka kukhazikitsidwa kwa chotero dongosolo msika limene pali nambala yaikulu makampani osiyanasiyana nawo yopanga ndi kugulitsa katundu zofanana, choncho palibe wina amene zitangomera zizindikiro mphamvu okhawo a kampaniyo. Pankhaniyi, kulowa kapena kuchoka kwa gulu lililonse latsopano msika sukhala ndi gawo lililonse gulu kuchuluka okwana ndi yaing'ono kwambiri, choncho sangathe kukhudza aliyense lalikulu mtengo msika wa mankhwala. Choncho, ngakhale M'malo mwake, aliyense payekha zimatengera mwachindunji pa magulu msika mchitidwe limaimira tsenopoluchatelya.

okhawo

A kampani ena ali ndi zizindikiro zonse zoyambirira za mphamvu okhawo - iye amachitikira nambala yaikulu makasitomala, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi sewerolo yekha wa mankhwala yomwe alibe mankhwala aliwonse akhakula wogwirizira. Mu chitsanzo ichi, pali zinthu zingapo lapadera:

• kampani ndi sewerolo yekha wa mankhwala ena;
• chizindikiro chachikulu cha mphamvu okhawo ndi mankhwala akuyendera wapadera kwathunthu, popeza alibe wogwirizira;
• msika kulowa kwambiri zochepa okhawo Mitundu zopinga insuperable kuti akhoza analenga chongopeka kapena mwachibadwa;
• Mlengi ali zizindikiro zonse ndende mphamvu okhawo, chifukwa akulamulira kotunga msika ndi mtengo wa mankhwala amenewa.

Mu mawu ena, monopolist ndi yekhayo wopanga malamulo mtengo mwachitsanzo, anapereka mtengo winawake, ndipo pambuyo kuti wogula tiyenera kuyesetsa ndi angati pa zinthu zilipo kwa iye. Choncho m'pofunika kumvetsa molondola, kuti namtindi wa milandu izo sizingakhoze perekani okwera kwambiri chifukwa ankafuna amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka.

Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe amene ali zizindikiro za mphamvu msika okhawo zingachititse zosiyanasiyana zofunikira boma monga makampani madzi, mpweya ndi makampani magetsi, komanso makampani zoyendera ndi mitundu yonse ya links. Pankhaniyi, zopinga yokumba ndi ziphatso zosiyanasiyana ndi eni luso kuti Mabungwe ena amapereka ufulu wonse kwa ntchito mu msika makamaka.

mpikisano okhawo

Ambiri a opanga lero kupereka ofanana, koma osati kwathunthu katundu zofanana, kotero izo siziri choncho mosavuta kupanga okhawo. Indicators mphamvu okhawo adakali pano, koma msika ndi katundu sakanikira kuti penapake amachepetsa zotsatira za aliyense amene amapanga.

wosangalala mpikisano kupereka kwa kupanga mankhwala yovomerezeka pamene mpikisano monopolistic zikuphatikizapo yopanga kusiyanitsidwa, Choyamba, zikugwirizanirana ndi khalidwe la mankhwala kapena utumiki kuti amalola wosuta kuti ena amakonda mtengo. Komanso Dziwani kuti mankhwala akhoza kusiyanitsidwa monga zinthu utumiki wogulira, mphamvu ya malonda ntchito, moyandikana ndi makasitomala ndipo ngakhale chiwerengero cha zinthu zina zofunika.

Choncho, makampani kugwira ntchito mu msika wa mpikisano monopolistic sikuti kupikisana wina ndi mzake kuwasonyeza kufunika zenizeni, komanso njira differentiating misonkhano yanu ndi mankhwala amene amachepetsa ntchito mphamvu zawo okhawo.

Lerner index ndi zina zimasonyeza chibwenzi, chifukwa aliyense kampani umodzi wotere ali ndi ena okhawo mphamvu pa malonda awo. Ndiko kuti, ali ndi kuthekera wodzilamulira kuchuluka kapena kuchepa mtengo, malingana ndi zochita zina mwa mpikisano, koma mphamvu mwachindunji okha chifukwa chakuti mu msika pali opanga amene amapanga mankhwala ofanana. Komanso sitiyenera kuiwala kuti pamaso pa misika monopolistic kupereka, kuwonjezera makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga, monga oimira msika m'malo lalikulu.

Izi chitsanzo msika amapereka chilakolako zonse pa mbali ya anthu ake mu utumiki wawo wa zokonda ndi chakuti mankhwala awo ali payekha kwambiri. Choyamba, izi zikukwaniritsidwa kudzera mu ntchito zotetezedwa komanso zinthu aliyense ndi yaikulu malonda ndawala kuti mwina mwapadera kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala malonda.

Kusiyana chachikulu

Ngati tiyenda pachimene chosiyana ndi Wangwiro polipoliya monopolistic mpikisano, kumene makampani ambiri amakhala mwachilungamo mkulu zizindikiro okhawo mphamvu, pali zinthu zingapo zofunika:

• mu msika zogulitsa wangwiro zopangidwa sakanikira, mankhwala si homogeneous;
• ophunzira msika si kwathunthu mandala, ndipo si nthawi zonse zochita zawo imvera mfundo zachuma;
• makampani akuyesera kuti azipeza zomwe mwakonda m'dera lanu, mosalekeza individualizing malonda awo;
• pali mavuto kupeza mwayi kuti msika wa ogulitsa latsopano chifukwa cha zokonda ndi.

Features wa oligopoly

Ngati ophunzira mulibe mpikisano kwambiri, ndi kokha ena chiwerengero cha makampani zilamulire mu dera, monga chitsanzo akutchedwa oligopoly. Monga zitsanzo za oligopoly tingachipeze powerenga amatha kusiyanitsa "chachikulu atatu" mu US, womwenso mabungwe amenewa odziwika bwino monga «Ford», «General Motors» ndi «Chrysler».

Oligopoly kungakhale yopanga yunifolomu osati mankhwala komanso kusiyanitsidwa. Mu namtindi wa milandu homogeneity kuchuluka anapeza m'misika kumene kukhazikitsa ambiri mankhwala theka-yomalizidwa ndi mitundu yonse ya zipangizo, mwachitsanzo, mafuta, zitsulo, chitsulo, simenti ndi mankhwala ena ofanana, pamene zosiyanasiyana Ndi mmene kwa katundu misika, kumene akalozera (akalozera ) okhawo mphamvu si kwambiri.

A ochepa makampani amaonetsetsa kuti iwo kulowa mapangano osiyanasiyana monopolistic zokhudza imposition wa mtengo, komanso kugawa kapena kufalitsa misika komanso njira zina kuyambitsa ziletso pa mpikisano. Iwo ali kalekale kutsimikiziridwa kuti mpikisano m'misika izi mwachindunji amadalira mlingo wa ndende ya ulimi, kotero chiwerengero cha makampani n'chofunikira mwachangu.

Komanso Dziwani n'chakuti ntchito mokwanira zofunika khalidwe ubale mpikisano mu msika anapatsidwa voliyumu ndi kapangidwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhani mpikisano wanu, komanso zinthu zofunika pa anthu, limene likupezeka aliyense wa ophunzira. Ngati zimenezi ndi zonyozeka, izo kumathandiza kuti khalidwe mpikisano zambiri aliyense kampani.

kusiyana

Chachikulu kusiyana kwa mitundu oligopolistic msika wa mpikisano changwiro pano mphamvu mtengo. Pankhaniyi, aliyense kampani ali ndi ndalama mwachilungamo mkulu wa okhawo mphamvu Lerner, mwachitsanzo mtengo mmphepete pansi pa mtengo okhawo, ndipo aliyense bungwe amatha anapereka ndalama zawo mafuta, osachepera kukopeka ndi chikoka cha mpikisano ndi msika ambiri.

Mu msika wangwiro, mtengo wa katundu mosalekeza ndi zoumbika mosiyanasiyana pulsing monga mwachindunji amadalira kusinthasintha zinkachitika mu okwanira ndi anthu, pamene oligopoly zambiri amapereka ndalama mwachilungamo khola la Kukhazikitsa ndi kusintha pano n'zochepa kwambiri.

Monga tanena chabwino otchedwa mtengo utsogoleri, kumene mtengo wa gulu la katundu ali malinga ndi kampani imodzi yokha, pamene pamakhala ena oligopolists amene ndi mphamvu okhawo. Kwenikweni zizindikiro - kuyeza zinthu izi umachitika nthawi zonse, chifukwa aliyense gulu amayesetsa kukhala ndi azitsogolera mu fomu iyi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo msika ndi kuwerengedwa kwa mamembala watsopano uliwonse, ndipo ngati oligopolists anamaliza pangano lokhudza ndalama, kenako mpikisano pang'ono ndi pang'ono kusuntha kwa malonda, khalidwe ndi individualization.

mitundu ya mpikisano

mpikisano Non-mtengo kumaphatikizapo kusonyeza kudalirika apamwamba a "mtengo wa mowa" m'munsi, ndi kapangidwe ndi chi gulu la zinthu zina. Motero, anthu ambiri ali okonzeka kulipira zambiri wodalirika komanso chotsimikiziridwa Japanese njira m'malo kugula katundu opangidwa domestically.

Komanso Dziwani n'chakuti si mtengo njira ya mpikisano alandirika kupereka ambiri ntchito, kusunga mankhwala akale anapereka mu mawonekedwe a malipiro oyamba ku zinthu zatsopano ndi ena ambiri. Yafupika zitsulo mowa, kudya mphamvu, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi gulu la ena katundu bwino ogula pa m'zaka zingapo zapitazi kuti abwere kutsogolo m'munda wa ubwino sanali mtengo wa malonda.

Kumene, njira yapadera kwambiri kuchita mpikisano sanali mtengo nthawi zonse ndi malonda amene udindo lero apamwamba kwambiri kuyerekeza ndi zimene zinali zaka zingapo zapitazo. Mothandizidwa ndi zolengeza aliyense kampani zikhoza kusonyeza kuti ogula mtheradi mfundo zofunikira zokhudza izi kapena zina ogula katundu yake, komanso kulenga yonena za malamulo ake, kuyesera kuti apange fano la mtundu wa "nzika zabwino" Boma limene msika umayendetsedwera.

allocated khalidwe mafakitale, amasulidwe katundu, amene sanali asemphana kuchokera, yoyambirira yeniyeni ya mankhwala, koma ndi woipa kwambiri quality, kugula zitsanzo kwa kukopera wotsatira, komanso yogwira ubongo kuda, ndi ena zinsinsi malonda mwa njira oletsedwa kupikisana si mtengo.

Choncho, mpikisano akhoza kuchitidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, omwe ali ndi makhalidwe yake ndi digiri ya dzuwa.