Dongosolo Gulag mu USSR

Mbiri ya Gulag ndi zogwirizana ndi nyengo lonse Soviet, koma makamaka nthawi yake Stalinist. M'misasa maukonde chopingasa dziko. Anapita zosiyanasiyana magulu mlandu wotchuka 58 TH nkhani. The Gulag sanali kokha dongosolo la chilango, komanso mapangidwe chuma Soviet. Akaidi wopereka ntchito kwambiri wofuna wa oyamba asanu.

Magwero a Gulag

Dongosolo tsogolo la Gulag anayamba kutuluka mwamsanga Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira. Pa Civil nkhondo boma Soviet kuyambira kupeza kalasi ake ndi adani maganizo m'ndende zozunzirako wapadera. Ndiye akuti izi sindinaleke, monga ziyenera moona wokhala analandira pa nkhanza za ulamuliro wa Hitler.

Poyamba m'misasa anali kuthamanga ndi Lva Trotskogo ndi Vladimir Lenin. Misa mantha chifukwa "potsimikizira-zisinthe 'mophatikizapo kumangidwa chipiku ya bourgeoisie wolemera, eni fakitale landlords, amalonda, atsogoleri a mpingo, ndi zina zotero. D. Posakhalitsa msasa anapatsidwa Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky anali wapampando wa. Iwo anapanga bungwe yaukapolo. Kunali kofunikira komanso kukweza chuma pompo.

Ngati mu 1919 pa dera la RSFSR ndi zaka 21 zokha pamsasa mapeto a Civil nkhondo, pali kale 122. anali Mu Moscow chokha, pali asanu ndi awiri mabungwe amenewa, omwe anasonkhana akaidi kudutsa dziko. Mu 1919, likulu lake linali anthu oposa zikwi zitatu. Sinali dongosolo Gulag, koma ndi zinachitika. Ngakhale ndiye, panali mwambo malinga ndi zomwe, ntchito zonse za OGPU Kumvetsela zochita intradepartmental kokha, osati ambiri malamulo Soviet.

Woyamba m'ndende mu dongosolo Gulag kwakhalapo mu mode mwadzidzidzi. The Civil nkhondo, malamulo a nkhondo chikominisi zinachititsa kuti zoipa ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa akaidi.

Solovki

Mu 1919, Cheka analenga osiyanasiyana ntchito kumpoto kwa Russia, kapena kani, mu dera Arkhangelsk. Posakhalitsa, maukonde iyi akutchedwa njovu. Amayimira "Kumpoto Special Cholinga Camp". Dongosolo Gulag ku Soviet Union anaonekera mu zigawo akutali kwambiri a mayiko lalikulu.

Mu 1923, a Cheka anali lidzasinthidwa GPU lapansi. The bungwe latsopano kusiyana yokha njira zingapo. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi maganizo kukhazikitsa latsopano kuvomerezedwa msasa m'mphepete mwa zilumba Solovetsky, omwe anali kutali ndi msasa kwambiri kumpoto. Izi zisanachitike, pa zilumba mu White Nyanja linali Orthodox obisika. Izo zinali kutsekedwa polimbana Mpingo ndi "ansembe".

Choncho anabadwa mmodzi wa anthu otchulidwa kiyi wa Gulag. Icho chinali Solovki m'ndende msasa. ntchito Yake inali bungwe Iosifom Unshlihtom - mmodzi wa ndiye atsogoleri a Cheka-GPU. Chilango ndi fanizo. Munthu uyu chinachititsa kuti a dongosolo kuponderezedwa poona umene unakhala. Mu 1938, iye anawomberedwa pa malo otchuka "Kommunarka". Malowa anali chilimwe okhala Henry Berry - Commissar wa NKVD mu 30s lapansi. Nayenso anawomberedwa.

Solovky kukhala mmodzi wa m'misasa chachikulu Gulag 20s. Monga anaphunzitsidwa ndi OGPU mmenemo iwo anali kuti asungidwe akaidi chigawenga ndi andale. Patapita zaka zingapo maonekedwe a Solovki anakula, iwo anali kulekanitsa kumtunda, kuphatikizapo Republic of Karelia. dongosolo Gulag nthawi zonse kukodzedwa ndi akaidi latsopano.

Mu 1927, anthu 12 zikwi ali mumsasa Solovki. Nyengo nkhanza ndi zikhalidwe mumamva kuyambitsa imfa nthawi zonse. Pakuti nthawi zonse kukhalapo kwa msasa kuti anaikidwa anthu oposa 7000. Komabe, pafupifupi theka la iwo anafa mu 1933, pamene dziko lonse inali mkati njala.

Solovki ankadziwika m'dziko lonselo. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za mavuto m'ndendemo ndinkayesetsa kuti aime. Mu 1929, ku zilumba anabwera limakhulupirira Gorky, nthawi mkulu wa Soviet Writers. Iye ankafuna kuti aletse zinthu mumsasa. mbiri wolembayo anali wopanda: Mabuku wake anasindikizidwa mu circulations yaikulu, anadziwika monga chosintha wa sukulu yakale. Choncho, ambiri mwa akaidiwo anamukhomera Iye ndikuyembekeza kuti adzapulumutsa anthu onse kuti zimachitika mwa mpanda wa agulupa kale.

Pamaso Gorky anali pa chisumbu, msasa anali okwana woyera ndipo mothandizidwa ndi maganizo abwino. Kuzunza akaidi ndinayima. Pankhaniyi, akaidiwo anaopseza kuti ngati iwo anayankhula kwa Gorky za miyoyo yawo, iwo amakumana ndi Chilango chaukali. Wolemba, anapita Solovki, anasangalala ndi mmene kukonzanso kuphunzitsa akaidi, amaphunzitsidwa ntchito ndi kubwerera kwa anthu. Koma wina mwa misonkhano iyi, mu detkolonii, Gorky anayandikira mnyamata. Iye anauza alendo olemekezeka za kupezerera ndende: .. Kuzunza mu chisanu, yowonjezera, ataima mu ozizira, etc. Gorky anatuluka nyumba kulira. Pamene anapita ku Chile, mnyamata anawomberedwa. Gulag dongosolo koopsa akaidi aliyense amakhumudwa.

Stalin Gulag

Mu 1930, dongosolo potsiriza anapanga Gulag pansi Stalin. Iwo anali subordinated kwa NKVD ndipo anali mmodzi wa m'madipatimenti zisanu zikuluzikulu Commissariat la Anthu. Komanso mu 1934, Gulag anawoloka ndende zonse poyamba a Commissariat of Justice. m'misasa Labor mwalamulo ovomerezeka mu kukonza Labor Code wa RSFSR. Tsopano akaidi ambiri kuzindikira owopsa, wofuna chuma ndi zomangamanga ntchito: zomangamanga, kukumba ngalande, etc ...

Akuluakulu akuchita zonse dongosolo Gulag ku Soviet Union ankaoneka kuti ufulu nzika ulamuliro. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kuthamanga yokopa zonse maganizo. Mu 1931, ntchito yomanga inayamba wa wotchuka White Nyanja Ngalande. Icho chinali chimodzi mwa zinthu zakale kwambiri za choyamba Plan Stalin asanu Zaka. Gulag dongosolo - komanso ndi imodzi mwa njira za chuma za boma la Soviet.

Kwa anthu okhala kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane za pomanga White Nyanja Ngalande mawu abwino, Gulu Communist anapereka ntchito kuti akonze olemba odziwika kutamanda bukhu. Choncho panali ntchito ya "Ngalande Stalin." Pamwamba ali ndi gulu la olemba: Tolstoy, Gorky, Pogodin ndi Shklovsky. Makamaka chidwi n'chakuti buku ananena zabwino za mbava ndi akuba, amene ntchito ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito. The Gulag unachitikira kwambiri pa dongosolo la zachuma Soviet. Cheap ukapolo analola mofulumira kugwiritsa ntchito zaka zisanu mapulani.

Political ndi zigawenga

Gulag misasa dongosolo unagawidwa pawiri. Zinali dziko la ndale ndi zigawenga. Otsiriza a iwo anazitcha ndi boma "chikhalidwe pafupi". Mawu amenewa anali wotchuka mu propaganda Soviet. Ena zigawenga ndayesera kugwirizana ndi makonzedwe msasa, kuti atsogolere moyo wawo. Pa chimodzimodzi kwa iwo mphamvu anafuna kukhulupirika ndi ndondomeko anaziika.

Ambiri "adani a anthu" ndi mlandu chifukwa ankati espionage ndi mabodza odana Soviet analibe mwayi kuteteza ufulu wawo. Nthawi zambiri, iwo ayamba kunyanyala njala. Ndi thandizo lawo akaidi ndale anayesa kukopa chidwi cha utsogoleli kuti opweteka moyo, nkhanza ndi akuvutitsidwa ndende.

Single njala kuponya anabwera kanthu patsogolo. Nthawi zina NKVD ndikanakhoza kokha kuonjezera mavuto a Wolakwayo lapansi. Kuti tichite zimenezi pamaso pa njala mbale anaikidwa ndi zokoma chakudya ndi chakudya patalipatali.

Kulimbana Zionetsero

Mumsasa makonzedwe akhoza Atchule njala kuponya pokhapokha ngati wakhala misa. kanthu yatsopano akaidi anatsogolera chakuti ena a iwo anali kufunafuna instigators, motero ankachitira nkhanza.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Uhtpechlage mu 1937 gulu olakwa Trotskyism pa njala amenye. Aliyense Zionetsero bungwe chinaoneka ngati ntchito potsimikizira-chosintha ndi kuopseza boma. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti m'misasa panali chikhalidwe cha ukali ndi kusakhulupirira akaidi mzake. Komabe, nthawi zina, bungwe la njala, m'malo mwake, ananena poyera pa kanthu yake, chifukwa cha mtima yosavuta imene anapezeka. Mu Uhtpechlage apainiya anamangidwa. Iwo anakana kupereka umboni. Ndiye atatu a NKVD alamulidwa Anthu ku imfa.

Ngati mawonekedwe kumusonyeza ndale mu Gulag anali osungira nyama, ndi zipolowe zinali ponseponse. Komabe, apainiya awo kawirikawiri zigawenga. Mlandu pansi Article 58 zambiri kuvutika zigawenga ikuchitika madongosolo a mabwana ake. Oimira kumidima anatsika kuchokera ku ntchito kapena unachitikira ofesi wanzeru mu ndodo ya msasa.

ntchito aluso mumsasa

Mwambo umenewu wakhala kugwirizana ndi chakuti dongosolo Gulag amadwala kupanda ndodo akatswiri. NKVD zina alibe maphunziro. Akuluakulu msasa zambiri sakanachitira mwina koma kuvala zachuma, kayendetsedwe ndi luso udindo mlandu okha.

Komanso, mmodzi wa omangidwa kundende ndale zakhala kwambiri anthu a kudzinenera osiyana. Makamaka kufunika anali "luso anzeru" - .. Akatswiri, etc. Mu 30s oyambirira anali anthu amene anaphunzira kwambiri lachifumu Russia ndipo anali akatswiri odziwa. Nthawi bwino, akaidi amenewa akhoza ngakhale ndiyambe ubale wokhulupilirana ndi makonzedwe a msasa. Ena mwa iwo ndi mwayi tidzakhalabe dongosolo kale pa mlingo ntchitoyi.

Komabe, m'zaka za m'ma 30s anali kumangika kwa boma, limene anasonyeza mu kwambiri zekah. osiyana kwambiri anali udindo wa akatswiri amene anali m'dzikoli intracamp. Umoyo wa anthu amadalira kotheratu chikhalidwe ndi mmene chivundi cha bwana makamaka. Dongosolo Soviet analenga dongosolo Gulag ndipo ngakhale kwathunthu kulichotsera adani ake - weniweni kapena kungoganiza. Choncho, palibe liberalism poyerekezera ndi akaidi sakanakhala.

sharashka

Ndikufunirani bwino anthu akatswiri ndi akatswiri ena amene amagwa mu sharashka otchedwa. Zinali mabungwe sayansi mtundu chatsekedwa, kumene ntchitoyi chinsinsi. asayansi ambiri otchuka kugwera mu msasa wake ufulu kuganiza. Mwachitsanzo, uyu anali Sergei Korolev - munthu amene anakhala chizindikiro cha malo kufufuza Soviet. Mu sharashka ali okonza, akatswiri, anthu kugwirizana ndi makampani usilikali.

mabungwe awa anali zimaonekera chikhalidwe. Wolemba Alexander Solzhenitsyn, amene anali sharashka patapita zaka zambiri, analemba buku "The Circle Choyamba," limene limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane moyo wa akaidi. Wolembayu bwino chifukwa m'buku lake lina - ". The Gulag Archipelago"

Gulag ngati gawo la chuma Soviet

Ndi chiyambi cha World nkhondo II msasa wandende zovuta chakhala chinthu chofunika kumabungwe ambiri mafakitale. Dongosolo Gulag Mwachidule, panali kumene ntchito yaukapolo akaidi akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Makamaka izo akuti ndi migodi, mafuta ndi nkhuni makampani. Malo ofunika chinali kumanga likulu. Pafupifupi nyumba yonse yaikulu ya Stalin nyengo zinamangidwa zekami. Iwo anali m'manja ndi wotchipa ntchito mphamvu.

Nkhondo itatha, udindo wa msasa wa chuma wakhala wofunika kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito yaukapolo chikuwonjezeka chifukwa ntchito ya atomiki, ndipo ambiri ntchito ankhondo. Mu 1949, pafupifupi 10% ya ulimi mu dziko linalengedwa m'misasa.

m'misasa chosapindulitsa

Ngakhale kuti nkhondo, kuti si kuchepetsa dzuwa chuma m'misasa, Stalin anathetsa parole m'misasa. Pa umodzi mwa kukambirana za tsogolo la alimi amene amapezeka mu m'misasa pambuyo dispossession, iye ananena kuti m'pofunika kuti abwere ndi dongosolo latsopano la chingalimbikitse zokolola kuntchito, ndi zina zotero. D. zambiri parole kuyembekezera munthu amene, kapena kusiyana ndi khalidwe labwino, kapena wina Stakhanovite.

Akanena mawu dongosolo Stalin kuchepetsa masiku ntchito chinathetsedwa. Malinga ndi akaidi ake kudula mawu ake, kusiya kupanga. The NKVD sanafune kutero ngati kalata yomasulira ya Kuyamikira kumana andende wofuna khama. Zimenezi, zinachititsa kugwa mu profitability kwa msasa iliyonse. Komabe, mayesero anali zimafika.

Zinali imfa yopanga mabizinezi mu Gulag (mwa zifukwa zina) yokakamiza utsogoleri Soviet kukonzanso dongosolo lonse, amene poyamba analipo mosemphana ndi malamulo, mwa chidziwitso yekha wa NKVD.

Low Mwachangu ntchito m'ndende wakhala kugwirizana ndi chakuti ambiri a iwo anali wodwaladwala. Iwo analimbikitsa zakudya zoipa, zinthu losauka, utsogoleli akuvutitsidwa ndi mavuto ena ambiri. Mu 1934, 16% ya akaidi anali wolemala ndipo 10% - odwala.

Kupha Gulag

Chokana wa Gulag anali pang'onopang'ono. The kutsogolera kwa chiyambi cha ndondomekoyi imfa ya Stalin mu 1953. Kupha dongosolo Gulag unayambitsidwa chabe miyezi yochepa kuti.

Choyamba wa USSR Supreme Soviet onse anapereka lamulo pa misa Amnesty. Choncho, oposa theka la akaidi anawamasula. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anali amuna, amene mawu a pasanathe zaka zisanu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ambiri akayidi andale otsala m'mbuyo mipiringidzo. imfa Stalin ndi kusintha mphamvu akaidi ambiri anaika chidaliro kuti posachedwapa chinachake idzasintha. Komanso, akaidi anayamba kulimbana poyera chinyengo ndi nkhanza za akuluakulu a msasa. Choncho, pakhala zachiwawa angapo (Vorkuta, Norilsk ndi Kengir).

Chinanso chofunika kwa Gulag anali XX Congress wa CPSU. Linapangidwa Nikita Hruschev yemwe anali atangobwera anapambana vnutriapparatnoy yolimbirana mphamvu. Kuyambira rostrum iye anadzudzula mpatuko Stalin wa umunthu ndi nkhanza ambiri a m'nthawi yake.

Pa nthawi yomweyo m'misasa anali komishoni yapadera kuti achite kuunikanso akayidi andale. Mu 1956 chiwerengero chawo chinali nthawi osachepera atatu. Kupha dongosolo Gulag chinachitikira ndi kulanda m'madipatimenti watsopano - Utumiki wa za M'dziko wa USSR. Mu 1960, malo ndi maganizo otsiriza GUITK Mutu (Main Administration a kukonza Labor M'ndende) Mikhail Holodkov.