Kiev ukulu: malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso makhalidwe a Board

Kiev ukulu, malo Hrs wa tikambirana zina, unakhala kuchokera 1132 kwa zaka 1471. m'gawo lake m'gulu clearings dziko ndi Drevlyane pa za Dnieper Mtsinje ndi makhwawa wake - Pripyat, grouse, Irpen ndi ros, ndi mbali ya gombe kumanzere.

Kiev ukulu: location Hrs

m'gawo limeneli m'mphepete Polotsk dziko kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi kumpoto, kum'mawa anali Chernigov. Western ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo anansi awo Poland ndi ukulu wa Galich. M'tauni, anamanga pamapiri, anali Choncho ili usilikali. , Kuyenera ananena kuti wakhala ali otetezedwa bwino kutchula udindo Hrs wa ukulu Kiev. Osati kutali kuli mzinda wakale Vruchy (kapena Ovruch), Belgorod, komanso Vyshgorod - onse amene anali ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri wabwino ndi kulamulira dera pafupi likulu, amene amateteza zina kumadzulo ndi mbali kum'mwera kumadzulo. Pa mbali ya kum'mwera ya izo yokutidwa forts dongosolo anamangidwira pa magombe a Dnieper, ndipo angapo m'tawuni bwino otetezedwa pa mtsinje ros.

Kiev ukulu: khalidwe

Pansi deta bwino ukulu boma lomenyera Lazaro wakale unakhalapo kuyambira 12 mpaka 15 atumwi. Kiev unali likulu ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe. Inakhalapo m'madera anapambulwa wa Old boma Russian. Kale mu m'ma 12. mphamvu ya akalonga a Kiev tanthauzo waukulu yekha m'kati mwamalire a ukulu. tanthauzo lonse Russian anataika mzinda ndi mpikisano ulamuliro ndi mphamvu chinakhalapo mpaka nkhondo Mongol. wachifumu zapita ena kuti zachilendo, angadzitchule zambiri za Iye. Ndipo Pamlingo waukulu kuthekera mphamvu kudalira zochita za otchuka amphamvu Kiev ndi otchedwa "zotulutsira wakuda".

Ndi zachuma moyo

Malo pafupi ndi Dnieper zatenganso mbali mu moyo zachuma. Kuwonjezera pa kulankhulana ndi Nyanja Black, iye anatsogolera Kiev ku Baltic, zimene zinathandiza Western Dvina ndi Berezina. Desna ndi Seim liaise ndi Don ndi Oka ndi Western Bug ndi Pripyat - ndi Neman ndi Dniester. Panali otchedwa njira "ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki" imene ili malonda. Chifukwa nthaka yachonde ndipo pozizira, ulimi kutukuka kwambiri; anagawira kuswana ng'ombe, nyama, anthu ankachita nsomba ndi ulimi wa njuchi. M'madera amenewa anawagawa malonda oyambirira. "Drevodelie" ankaimba ndithu yofunika kwambiri, komanso magawo mbiya ndi khungu. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa madipoziti chitsulo, izo zikanakhala zotheka chitukuko cha smithing. mitundu yambiri ya zitsulo (siliva, tini, mkuwa, kutsogolera golide) anabweretsedwa ku maiko oyandikana. Choncho, awa onse zimakhudza mapangidwe oyambirira a malonda ndi luso asapita mu Kiev, pafupi mizinda ya izo.

mbiri andale

Monga imfa likulu la mtengo zonse Russian, olamulira maufumu amphamvu anayamba kutumiza ku Kiev proteges - "podruchnik". A zachilendo 1113, imene kulambalala patsogolo anatengera mu kulowezana kwa mpando wachifumu anaitanidwa ndi Vladimir Monomakh, olemekezeka kenako pofuna kuti ufulu wawo kusankha wamphamvu, yokondweretsa wolamulira wawo. Ukulu wa Kiev, omwe limodzi ndi kufotokoza mbiri ya ndewu, chasanduka mu omenyera nkhondo, kumene m'matauni ndi m'midzi kuti zinawonongeka ndithu, adatayika, ndipo anthu eni anagwidwa. Nthawi bata Kyiv anaona nthawi ya Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich wa Chernigov, ndi Romana Mstislavovicha Volynskogo. Other akalonga mofulumira motsatizana anali nkhani zambiri colorless. Lowonongeka ukulu wa Kiev, malo Hrs kuti lilili kuteteza yabwino kwa nthawi yaitali, pa nkhondo Mongol mu 1240.

kusagwirizana

Ancient Russian State poyamba m'gulu maukulu mafuko. Komabe, zinthu zasintha. M'kupita kwa nthawi, pamene anthu otchuka m'dera anayamba osamukira chifukwa chikhalidwe cha Rurik, iwo anayamba kupanga ukulu, amene amatsogozedwa ndi nthumwi za mzere wamng'ono. Zavedonny dongosolo la motsatizana wakhala asamagwirizane. Mu 1054 Yaroslav Mudry ndi ana ake anayamba kugawa Kyiv ukulu. Kugawikana wasanduka zotsatira mosalephera zimenezi. Vutoli likukulirakulira pambuyo Lyubechenskogo Cathedral akalonga 1091. Komabe, zinthu bwino chifukwa cha malamulo a Vladimir Monomakh ndi mwana wake Mstislava Velikogo, amene anatha kusunga umphumphu. Iwo sakanakhoza kamodzinso kuika m'manja mwa likulu la ukulu wa Kiev, malo Hrs amene anali yabwino ndithu kuti podziteteza kwa adani, ndipo kwakukulukulu kokha mkati ndewu kusokoneza zinthu za boma.

Ndi imfa ya Mstislav mu 1132 anabwera kugawikana ndale. Komabe, ngakhale kuti, Kiev akadali zaka zambirimbiri unachitikira udindo osati wa pakati ofunda, komanso ukulu amphamvu kwambiri. Chikoka Chake sanataye kwathunthu, koma chayamba kuchepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi vuto kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana XII.