Dongosolo la Egypt. anali dongosolo limafotokozera ku Iguputo chiyani?

kalendala kupangidwa ndi anthu kwa mayiko ndi chomasuka kusintha m'zinthu zachilengedwe. m'mitundu yonse chikanachitika BC, anali njira zawo mawerengedwe izi. Dongosolo la Egypt anayambitsa zikwi zisanu zapitazo zinali zochokera onse zachuma ndi umoyo wa Aigupto.

Mwezi Calendar Aigupto

chitukuko ichi, amene anauka pa chiwembu yopapatiza m'dziko yothiriridwa ndi Nile. Zinali iye amene anapereka zosoŵa zonse anthu, choncho amatayika kufunika kuchitiridwa mosamala kwambiri. Aiguputo, ngati anthu ambiri m'dzikoli, poyamba ntchito ndi mu kalendala. Kuyika tsiku la mapwando, kunali koyenera limafotokozera dongosolo. Mu Egypt, ndi pa kopanda ena asayansi anaonekera pakati woyamba Zakachikwi BC. Pamodzi ndi kalendala achipembedzo analipo ndiponso anthu wamba, omwe anayamba mwatsatanetsatane. Aigupto anali mu njira ya mkombero zaka 25, ndipo chiwerengero cha miyezi Pankhaniyi anali wofanana 309. Komabe, ndithu kudziwa mfundo yakuti mu kalendala ndi astronomically zolakwika ndithu, kotero si oyenera kuwerengetsa chiyambi cha ntchito ya zaulimi. Dongosolo la limafotokozera ku Egypt, zochokera magawo mwezi, sunakhalitse

Kujambula kalendala ya dzuwa

Choncho, ansembe a ku Iguputo ndipeze vuto kulenga latsopano, zolondola kalendala. Mwamwayi, mlingo wa nzeru kale amalola kuti anene zolondola ndi kusonkhana ndi mapu a nyenyezi. Malinga ndi odziwika English Egyptologist James Breasted, kalendala ya dzuwa anaonekera mu dziko kwa zaka mazana angapo pamaso maonekedwe a Hyksos, koma kuyesa kusintha izo. Izi mitundu ya kalendala ntchito ngati maziko kwa chaka zotentha, ndicho magawo nyengo kusintha, zilibe kuganizira kusintha mbali mwezi. Zinali malo amene Egypt wa kalendala ya dzuwa. ansembe ambiri kuwadziwa bwino nyenyezi, nthawi ya maonekedwe awo, ndipo iwo anaona ubwenzi wa matupi akumwamba ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Makamaka, anali ndi chidwi osefukira wa Nile. Madzi a mtsinje uwu kusefukira mu nthawi kuchokera July kwa November, iwo anasefukira chigwa lonse, ndi pamene Neal kachiwiri m'gulu yake, apo pakubwera nthawi yodzala. Pambuyo 3-4 miyezi mukhoza kuwombera yokolola, ndipo mu March ndi Sahara sizzling kuwomba mphepo kuuma anawononga moyo zonse. Choncho limafotokozera dongosolo angakhale olondola.

Mfundo za pomanga kalendala ku Iguputo

chaka onse inkakhala nyengo zitatu: chigumula (ahet), mwachitsanzo Nile chigumula nthawi, kapena linanena bungwe njira (Peret), i.e. nthawi pamene mtsinje umabwerera kwa maonekedwe ake apachiyambi, ndi shoaling (Semu), mwachitsanzo pamene otsika madzi mu mtsinje. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu a Egypt kumanga dongosolo zovuta madamu, ngalande madamu. Izo zinkayenera kuti nthaŵi zonse mwa mawonekedwe abwino, ndi ichi kunali kofunika kudziwa aligorivimu wa moyo waterway chachikulu cha dziko. Apa ndi zothandiza kudziwa wa ansembe. Anayamba ikukhudzana osefukira wa Nile ndi mapu a kumwamba ndipo anamuuza ndi zonse zofunika. Madzi osefukira zinachitika yomweyo pambuyo chilimwe yozizira mfundo ina yofunika n'chakuti m'maŵa kumwamba limapezeka nyenyezi yowala kuti Tingaone ngakhale ndi apoyera. Si nthawi zonse zooneka, ndipo ansembe anatsimikiza kuti chimaoneka pa intervals wa masiku 70. atulukira awiriwa asiya kulenga nyengo yatsopano ku Egypt.

Mkombero zochokera thupi wakumwamba

Ndipo ngati tanthawuzo la yozizira amafuna zipangizo zina zapadera, maonekedwe a Sirius chinali mkombero latsopano. Sirius kapena Sothis, ngati icho chinali kutchedwa mu dziko lino, nakhala gwero kalendala. Yachokera heliacal, i.e. risings magaziniyo wa nyenyezi akuyamba latsopano chaka ulimi mu dziko. Kutalika kwake anatsimikiza woyamba 360 kenako 365 masiku. Dongosolo la Egypt sanali kudziwa wa zaka adzatumpha, koma chinthu choterocho zinayenera molondola kuwerengera nthawi zakuthambo. Chotero, kalendara Aigupto pakatha zaka zinayi Sothis dzuwa anachedwa tsiku 1. Anagawa chaka mu miyezi 12, omwe anali masiku 30. sabata unagawidwa masiku 10, tsiku lili maola 10. Mu ola limodzi ku Iguputo ankakhala mphindi 100 ndi mphindi 100 masekondi. Choncho masiku 360. Otsala masiku asanu osati Ufumuyo aliyense wa miyezi. Iwo chikondwerero kumapeto kwa mwezi watha monga kubadwa kwa Osirisi, Horus, Seti, Isisi Nephthys.

Akungoyendayenda kalendala ndi kuyesa koyamba kusintha izo

Okhala m'chigwa chachonde cha Nile wokhutitsidwa kuti maholide ndi mathithi pa masiku osiyanasiyana kupita kwa nthawi. Iwo kusintha yosalala ndi pa ulaliki wa anthu wopembedza, motero anayeretsa chaka chonse. chaka Aigupto, likukhalira, anali zosokera, koma apolisi analibe ngakhale kuyesa kusintha M'malo mwake, aliyense wa iwo akubweretsa tinalonjeza kuti zopha nthawi ya chaka kalendala. Monga tanena ndi Hyksos mafumu a ku Igupto wakale ayesa kusintha, zinapangitsa ndi kudandaula m'molema anthu, koma anthu anamvera alimbane mphamvu. Komabe, atawathamangitsa kalendala awo wabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu ndi zaluso onse a Hyksos inathetsedwa. Masiku, miyezi ndi zaka amaimira manambala. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la Egypt sadadziwa zaka amodzi ndi zaka, kunachitidwa kuyambira chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Farao wotsatira. Koma nthawi zonse ntchito zambiri chiyambi cha chaka chatsopano, imagwera pa August 29 ndi kalendala masiku ano.

nthawi dzina kalendala

Ngakhale kuti miyezi amaimira manambala, aliyense anali dzina lakelake. Iwo anali odzipereka kwa mulungu winawake. Unachitika chiyambi cha chaka Mwezi wina, dzina lake polemekeza mulungu wa mwezi, ndiye anayenda mwezi Faofi anatsatira pambuyo Atir polemekeza mulungu wamkazi Hathor, Hoyyak analankhulana ndi achepetse Pharaonic, Tibi polemekeza mulungu Khnum, Mehir unadzipereka kwa mulungu zoopsa Montu, Famenot kugwirizana ndi Amenophis, Farmuti kwa mulungu wamkazi Ermuti, Pahon polemekeza mulungu Khonsu, ndi Piney dzina pambuyo Nile chigwa, epiphyte ndi Mesori wodzipereka kwa maonekedwe a dzuwa. Otsala masiku asanu anawonjezera kuti kalendala anadzatchedwa mawu Greek epagomeny, mwachitsanzo sverhgodichnye masiku. Calendar kwanthawi angathe kuthetsedwa ndi kulowetsa tsiku lina lililonse zaka zinayi, koma Farao anaumitsa mtima ananyalanyaza mfundo imeneyi. Ambiri mwina, ichi ndi chifukwa amakhulupirira kwambiri dongosolo kusintha kwa limafotokozera Hyksos ku Iguputo sanatenge.

A ulendo wachiwiri kusintha dongosolo la Egypt

Kuyesa kusintha kalendala anapangidwa osati mwa mafuko woyendayendawu wa Hyksos. Komabe, izi zinachitika chakachi chitadutsa, m'nyengo ya Agiriki Ptolemaic mafumu. Farao chachitatu cha anzake a Aleksandra Velikogo ana ayesa kusintha dongosolo la Egypt. Kwenikweni, akulongosoledwa "Kanopskom lamulo." Mu 1866 pa ntchito yomanga anapezeka mwala mwala umene Iguputo ndiponso Chigiriki zalembedwa lamulo la Farao Evergeta kusintha kwa kalendara. Choncho anaonekera chaka adzatumpha, yemwe ankayenera kuti vuto la backlog zakuthambo. Ngakhale kuti kusintha kumeneku si anakakhala mu dziko, kumeneko kunali kulakwa poyambirira, m'malo kuwonjezera tsiku lina lililonse zaka zinayi, zinachitika pa zaka zitatu. Izi zakhudza molondola ndi zolakwa anaona zaka pokhapokha 48.

Alexandria kalendala

lamulo Farao kulamula kumayambiriro kwa chaka adzatumpha, ndipo kupatsidwa moyo. Ngati zonse pamalo amodzi, ndiye chaka akanati anakwana masiku 365,25, komanso kukhala pafupi ndi manambalawo zakuthambo. A pofuna lachitatu kusintha dongosolo la Egypt wakhala kucitika kale ndi Aroma. Popeza anagonjetsa dziko, iwo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo anali ndi kusintha kalendala. Choncho, pakatha zaka zinayi pali kufunika tsiku lina, koma iwo onse kuti kusintha zaka adzatumpha linasinthidwa kuposa zinali zofala Rome. Alexandria kalendala coexisted ndi Julian mu kufanana kwa zaka zoposa 1500.

Dongosolo la limafotokozera ku Iguputo ngati zophweka kwambiri ndi yabwino

Dongosolo la limafotokozera ku Iguputo ankadziwa zambiri za njira zosiyanasiyana za kuwerengera zaka. Komabe, kutchuka kwambiri kuti analandira kalendala ya dzuwa. Malinga Herodotus, anali kalendala ambiri kumodzi ndi chothandiza dziko wakale. The backlog, umene unkachitika, sanali kusokoneza miyoyo ya Aiguputo. Mwina ngati panali n'zofunika kwambiri, ndiye tsiku limenelo ayenera kuonekera mu kalendala pamaziko a ansembe yaitali kuonerera ankakhulupirira kuti masiku 365,25 komanso limafanana ndi nyengo ya pakati pa chikhamu awiri a Nile. Iwo anapeza kuti zaka kamodzi 130 chigumula ndi dzuwa Sothis imagwera tsiku kale, kotero mwina Alephera mwatsatanetsatane zakuthambo chifukwa cha mayiko ndi kuphweka. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, akale mfundo kalendala Aigupto anaika yolemba kalendala ndipo inakhala maziko a kusintha kwinanso kwa kalendala ya dzuwa.