English statistician ndi zachuma Petti Uilyam: yonena maganizo chuma, mfundo, ntchito

Petti Uilyam (1623-1687 gg.) - English zachuma, wasayansi ndi nzeru za anthu. Iye anatchuka kwambiri pamene anatumikira Oliver Cromwell ndi Republic English. Wasayansi zachitika njira yabwino kafukufuku dziko anakonzedwera katundu. Pambuyo Cromwell izo ankalamulidwa Charles II ndi James II. Kwa zaka zingapo anakhala mu British yamalamulo. Komabe, ambiri amadziwika maganizo zachuma Uilyama Petti. Iwo akutchedwa kuteteza mfundo laissez-faire mu ndale za boma.

Uilyam Petti: yonena

Tsogolo odziwika zachuma dosmitovskoy nyengo anabadwa mu banja la tailors. Iye anakula chidwi ndi wanzeru mwana, ndipo mu 1637 ndinapeza ntchito monga kanyumba mnyamata ngalawa. Posakhalitsa, iye anathyoka mwendo wake ndipo anaikidwa kumtunda ku Normandy. Pambuyo pa chaka chimenechi Petti Uilyam anaphunzira Latin ndi kupeza mphunzitsi English kwa anthu akuderalo. Kenako anabwerera ku England. Ndi nthawi iyi, zachuma tsogolo kale kuwadziwa bwino Latin, Greek, French, masamu ndi zakuthambo. Patapita nthawi yochepa ya utumiki mu yapamadzi, iye anapita ku Holland, kumene anakhala chidwi thunthu. Mu Amsterdam, William udachita mlembi wa Hobbes, ndipo zimenezi zinamuthandiza kuti ndizolowere Descartes, Mersenne ndi Gassendi.

Mu 1646 anabwerera ku England ndipo anayamba kuphunzira mankhwala pa yunivesite ya Oxford. Iye anali wokhoza kuti mukupanga ndi Maluso kukopera awo makina, koma kukhazikitsa malonda ake analephera. Mu 1652 anatenga tchuthi kulibe ndipo anapita Ireland asilikali Cromwell a. Iye adakhala yamalamulo, anatumikira mafumu awiri. Pambuyo 1660, chaka cha chidwi asayansi ankatembenukira kwa sayansi ndi thupi chikhalidwe. Mu 1667 anakwatira Elizabeth Waller. Economist anafa 1687 ku London, kumene iye anabwerera ku Ireland asanamwalire.

maganizo zachuma

Pa ziphunzitso sayansi kufooketsedwa ndi zinthu ziwiri:

• Thomas Hobbes. William anali mlembi wake kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo akhoza bwino kukumbukira zofuna zomveka "mtendere boma ndi chuma." Choncho, ambiri a moyo wake iye ankafuna gwero la chitukuko la Ireland.
• Frensis Bekon. Wasayansi anali anavomera kuti masamu ndi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ayenera kukhala maziko a sayansi zonse zomveka. Choncho, zochita zawo sayansi, iye nthawi zonse kuti apeze zizindikiro kachulukidwe. Umu ndi mmene otchedwa masamu ndale.

Uilyama Petti limatchedwa choyamba chenicheni wasayansi-zachuma. Kuya kwa kafukufuku amaiika pamwamba Thomas Mann, Yosiya Child ndi Dzhona Lokka. ntchito Zing'onozing'ono ndi otsogola pa chuma ndale. Wake ziphunzitso odziwika bwino zokhudzana misonkho, chuma dziko, kusowa ndalama ndi mlingo wa kufalitsidwa, ndalama, chiwongola dzanja, malonda ndi boma ake ndalama. Zazing'ono, mmodzi wa oyamba anatsutsa maganizo mercantilist. Iye anakhulupirira kuti maziko a mtengo wa mankhwala aliwonse zikhazikitsidwe khama pa kupanga ntchito zake. Chuma mtundu wa dziko, mu maganizo ake, si golide ndi siliva, ndi zoipa osati kusowa kwa ndalama, komanso zochuluka zawo.

Misonkho, ziwerengero ndi mlandu ndalama national

Mu nthawi ya Zing'onozing'ono lalikulu lingaliro ku England anali mercantilism. England anali pa nkhondo ndi Holland, ndipo kunali koyenera ndalama. Choncho Zing'onozing'ono chinkhoswe pofufuza mfundo zolondola kwa misonkho. Iwo ankayenera kuti n'kothandiza chuma kunkhondo. Zing'onozing'ono anasankha mbali zisanu ndi imodzi ya chopereka. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti akhale zonse ndi kuja. Zing'onozing'ono kulimbikitsa magulu msonkho mawonekedwe osati wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, komanso ndalama. Mfundo imeneyi anagwiritsa ntchito mu mawerengedwe a ndalama dziko. Iye anakhulupirira kuti chuma cha boma mulibe golidi yekha ndi siliva, komanso ndalama. Malinga kuwerengetsera wake, ndalama zimene dziko la England mu 1660s anakwana mapaundi miliyoni 667.

The ziwerengero Zing'onozing'ono ntchito ndi zaka yosavuta. Komabe, masiku amenewo linali Kupambana kwakukulu. Pafupifupi munthu mmodzi pamaso pake sanagwiritse ntchito zizindikiro kachulukidwe. kalembera, ndipo ngakhale mu Ireland, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti. Choncho, Zing'onozing'ono anabwera ndi njira zawo za mumayesto chiwerengero cha anthu. Iye anakhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeka wolowa ndi 30% amatsogolera kuwonjezeka njila mu anthu, ndi munthu mmodzi mwa makumi atatu amafa chaka. Choncho akuti chiwerengero cha anthu mu London. M'dziko lonselo, pa kopanda Zing'onozing'ono anali anthu nthawi eyiti kwambiri. Tikumbukenso kuti njira imeneyi anyozedwa pa moyo wa yasayansi.

Chiphunzitso cha mtengo ndi chidwi

Petti Uilyam anapitiriza kutsutsana anayamba ndi Aristotle. Iye anapitiriza wake chiphunzitso cha mtengo umene unachokera pa chuma ntchito pa ulimi. Iye anasankha zinthu ziwiri: dziko ndi ntchito. Onse anali gwero la chilengedwe cha ndalama msonkho. Zing'onozing'ono ankafuna kulenga aone kuti pali chifukwa cha zomwe zingakhale mtengo olondola a katundu. Mbali yofunika ya nawonso ankaona ntchito yonse. Zing'onozing'ono ntchito chiphunzitso chake cha mtengo kwa mawerengedwe a lendi. Pankhani chiwongola dzanja, mu masiku amenewo, ambiri amaona tchimo kupeza phindu. Komabe, Zing'onozing'ono sanagwirizane ndi kumasulira izi. Iye anayamba mfundo mphoto Kupereka ntchito ndalama wobwereka lapansi.

kumadalira pa mfundo za noninterference Management

Ndipotu ina yofunika kwambiri kuti wauka mu ntchito yake Petti Uilyam, ndi nzeru za laissez-faire m'boma. Apa anadalira pa mfundo zachipatala la anthu omwe sanali kulowelera mu ntchito ya thupi lathanzi. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito, ndi kuphangira, ndi kulamulira katundu wa ndalama, komanso kugula katundu. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti malamulo a boma amachita zoipa koposa zabwino.

Uilyam Petti: chiphunzitso

Pa moyo wake, wasayansi anatembenuka m'madera ambiri a zachuma m'tsogolo. Ntchito angapezeke mu malingaliro Uilyama Petti msonkho mawerengedwe a ziwerengero ndalama zawo, ndipo ndalama okwanira ndi mathamangidwe wa kufalitsidwa, chiphunzitso cha mtengo ndi chidwi, ulamuliro, malamulo a mitengo yosinthira ndalama ndi malonda, ntchito zonse, gulu la ntchito ndi nkhani zina zambiri. mfundo zake mukopedwe maganizo a chuma ambiri odziwika bwino. M'lingaliro, otsatira ake maganizo kwambiri monga Adam Smith, Karl Marx ndi Dzhon Meynard Keyns. M'madera kwambiri yotakata chidwi athandiza Zing'onozing'ono nthawi yaitali kukhala zogwirizana.

Ntchito komanso zotsatira

Uilyam Petti - woyambitsa ndi membala wa Royal Society. Iye amadziwika kuti ntchito yake pa mbiri za chuma ndi ziwerengero. Woyambitsa njira yamakono ya kalembera wa - ndi Uilyam Petti. Zokambirana za ntchito ya sayansi monga:

• "Treatise on Misonkho ndi Nchito" (1662).
• "Political masamu" (1676).
• Verbum Sapienti (1664).
• "Kaswili Political la Ireland" (1672).
• "Pa Money" (1682).
• "Nkhani pa augmentation a anthu" (1682).