Hypoeutectoid zitsulo: kapangidwe, katundu, kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito

Ntchito mpweya zitsulo ambiri zomangamanga ndi mafakitale. Gulu otchedwa chitsulo luso zambiri ubwino kuti patsogolo ntchito za malonda mapeto ziwembu. Pamodzi ndi mphamvu akadakwanitsira ndi kukana nkhawa, kasakaniza wazitsulo zotero katundu kusintha ndi zazikulu. Makamaka, ovomereza-eutectoid zitsulo, amenenso ali ndithu kuchuluka zikuchokera zosakaniza carbonaceous wofunika kwa ductility mkulu. Koma si phindu lonse la zosiyanasiyana mkulu-mphamvu chitsulo.

General mudziwe aloyi ndi

Chuma zimasiyanitsa zitsulo ndi kukhalapo mu kapangidwe ka aloyi ndi mpweya zosafunika wapadera. Kwenikweni, pa mpweya okhutira ndi otsimikiza ovomereza-eutectoid aloyi. Nkofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa Agiriki ndi eutectoid ndi ledeburitic zitsulo, amene zambiri zofanana ndi mtundu anafotokoza za chitsulo luso. Ngati tikulingalira kalasi ya structural zitsulo, aloyi adzakhala doevtektoidnyh azichitira eutectoid, koma munali gawo la ferrite doped ndi pearlite. Kusiyana yaikulu ku hypereutectoid mpweya msinkhu kukhala pansipa 0,8%. Idamva chizindikiro ichi walola kuti amatchula eutectoid zitsulo zonse. M'njira zina zosiyana doevtektoida ndi zitsulo hypereutectoid, imene Kuwonjezera perlite mulinso zosafunika carbides sekondale. Choncho, pali zinthu ziwiri zazikulu zimene zingathe kuonetsetsa kasakaniza wazitsulo hypoeutectoid wa onse gulu eutectoid. Choyamba, ndi okhutira ochepa mpweya, ndipo kachiwiri, yapadera ya zinyalala zomwe ndi zochokera ferrite.

luso opanga

Cacikulu ndondomeko ovomereza-eutectoid zitsulo kupanga ndondomeko ndi ofanana kupanga kasakaniza wazitsulo ena. Ndiko kuti, ntchito pafupifupi njira zomwezo, koma masanjidwe ena. mwapadera hypoeutectoid zitsulo Pamafunika kupeza m'madera dongosolo yake yeniyeni. Pakuti njira imeneyi kumafuna kuonetsetsa kuwonongeka kwa austenite pa yozizira maziko. Nayenso austenite ali pamodzi ndi osakaniza ongokhala wa ferrite chomwecho ndi pearlite. Ndi Kutentha ndi yozizira mlingo lamulo njira angathe kulamulira kupezeka kwa zowonjezera, amene pamapeto pake zimakhudza mapangidwe zina zokhudza ntchito zakuthupi.

Komabe, mpweya chigawo anapereka perlite amakhalabe pa mlingo chomwecho. Ngakhale wotsatira annealing akhoza kusintha mapangidwe microstructure ndi okhutira mpweya kudzakhala mkati 0,8%. Sitepe lamulo mu mapangidwe eg zitsulo ndi normalization. njirayi chofunika kwa optimizing mbewu fractional wa austenite chomwecho. M'mawu ena, ferrite ndi perlite particles ndi kusanduka kukula mulingo woyenera, zomwe zina bwino makhalidwe luso ndi thupi la chitsulo. Iyi ndi ndondomeko lovuta limene ambiri Kutentha zimatengera mtundu wa lamulo. Ngati upambana kutentha, chikhoza kuperekedwa ndi azisiyana - kukula mbewu austenite.

annealing wachitsulo

Annealing ndi kuchita ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. A luso mwapadera okwanira ndi chosakwanira annealing. Mbali yoyamba pali Kutentha kwambiri kwa austenite kusintha kutentha, kenako normalization imachitidwa ndi yozizira. Pomwepo austenite kuwonongeka. Childs, ndi annealing wodzala steels opangidwa ku mode 700-800 ° C. Kutentha mankhwala pa mlingo chabe ferrite imayendetsa ndondomeko ya zinthu azingokhala. Mlingo yozizira ndi amenable kuti kusintha Mwachitsanzo, utumiki ogwira angathe kulamulira khomo ng'anjo chipinda, kutseka kapena chotsegula izo. Watsopano zanyengo isothermal ng'anjo angathe kukuthandizani kugwira wosakwiya kuzirala, malinga ndi pulogalamu anakonzeratu.

Pankhani annealing yofewa imagwiridwa ndi Kutentha pa kutentha pamwamba 800 ° C. Komabe, pali zoletsa lalikulu nthawi kusunga zotsatira yovuta kutentha. Chifukwa cha ichi, pali annealing tsankho limene ferrite Kodi kutha. Choncho, sunathetse ndi kuchuluka kwa tsogolo dongosolo deficiencies zakuthupi. N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera nthabwala steels, chikapanda kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino thupi? Ndipotu, ndi chosakwanira kutentha mankhwala amalola kukhala ndi kapangidwe zofewa. Nkhani yomaliza angafunike osati mu madera onse a ntchito, ndilo khalidwe kwa steels mpweya monga, koma sadzavutika kubala machined. Zofewa ovomereza-eutectoid aloyi popanda makamaka vuto amenable kudula ndi ndalama mtengo mu kupanga ndondomeko.

aloyi normalization

Pambuyo yowotcha pakubwera kwa okwera ndondomeko kutentha mankhwala. Kuonetsetsa normalization ntchito ndi magetsi. Pa nthawi zonsezi ndi chikoka matenthedwe pa workpiece limene kutentha akhoza upambana 1000 ° C. Koma palokha normalization doevtektoidnyh zinachitika pambuyo akamaliza kutentha mankhwala. Apa izo akuyamba yozizira mu akadali zinthu mpweya limene kukhudzana amapezeka kumaliza mapangidwe austenite chabwino. Ndiko kuti, kutentha ndi mtundu wa ntchito kukonzekera isanafike kubweretsa aloyi mu chikhalidwe dekhetsa. Ngati ife kulankhula za kusintha yeniyeni structural, nthawi zambiri iwo yafotokozedwera kuchepa kukula kwa ferrite ndi pearlite, komanso kuonjezera kuuma awo. Mphamvu makhalidwe a particles ndi kuchuluka mu ntchito poyerekeza ndi makhalidwe ofanana, zimatheka njira annealing.

Pambuyo normalization ingathe kuchitidwa ndi mankhwala ena kutentha ndi yaitali shutter liwiro. Ndiye, preform ndi utakhazikika, ndi sitepe izi zikhoza kuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Endpoint hypoeutectoid zitsulo kapena akutembenukira mu mlengalenga kapena mu ng'anjo ndi kuzirala pang'onopang'ono. Monga mmene kumapeto, ndi aloyi kwambiri apamwamba aumbike mwa upeleka normalization zonse za sayansi.

Kutentha mphamvu pa dongosolo la aloyi

Kusokonezedwa kutentha m'kati kupanga zitsulo kapangidwe imayamba ndi kusintha kwa ferrite-cementite ku misa austenite. Mu mawu ena, pearlite akupitiriza kunena zinchito osakaniza imene imayamba amakhala maziko kupanga mkulu mphamvu zitsulo. Mu sitepe yotsatira ya matenthedwe kukhudzana anaumitsa zitsulo kamakhala kuchotsa ferrite owonjezera. Monga tanenera kale, si nthawi zonse kwathunthu kuchotsa izo, monga zinachitikira annealing chosakwanira. Koma powerenga doevtektoidnyh aloyi akadali ikukhudza kuchotsa mbali austenite. Siteji yotsatira kale zilipo konza zikuchokera mawerengedwe pa mapangidwe kapangidwe wokometsedwa. Kuti pali kuchepetsa particles aloyi ndi kupeza kuchuluka mphamvu katundu.

Isothermal kusinthika ndi osakaniza supercooled austenite akhoza kuchitika modes zosiyanasiyana ndi milingo kutentha - umodzi wokha wa magawo amene akulamulira technologist. intervals Peak zosiyanasiyana matenthedwe mphamvu, mlingo yozizira ndi T. D. Malinga anasankha mode normalization analandira anaumitsa zitsulo ndi makhalidwe makamaka luso ndi thupi. Ndi panthawi imeneyi amakhalanso ndi mpata kufunsa katundu yeniyeni ndi ntchito. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi aloyi ndi kapangidwe zofewa, chifukwa mu processing imayenera zina. Koma opanga ambiri motsogozedwa ndi zosowa za wosuta mapeto ndi zofuna zake zazikulu makhalidwe luso ndi opaleshoni ya zitsulo.

kapangidwe zitsulo

normalization mode pa kutentha pa 700 ° C amachititsa mapangidwe dongosolo limene m'munsi adzakhala ferrite ndi pearlite mbewu. Mwa njira, m'malo zitsulo hypereutectoid dongosolo ferrite ali cementite. Firiji boma yachibadwa amatchuka ndi ochititsa ferrite muyeso, ngakhale kuwonjezeka gawo ili la mpweya uli chabe. Nkofunika kutsindika kuti Kapangidwe ka zitsulo mu digiri wamng'ono amadalira zili mpweya. Iye ali pafupifupi ziribe mphamvu pa khalidwe la zigawo zikuluzikulu za kutentha chomwecho ndipo pafupifupi onse anaikira mu pearlite. Kwenikweni, kwa perlite ndipo akhoza kudziwa mlingo wa osakaniza mpweya - zambiri muyezo waung'ono.

Wina chidwi structural nuance. chakuti particles wa perlite ndi ferrite kukhala ndi yeniyeni yokoka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiwerengero chimodzi mwa zigawo izi mu mtanda angathe kupeza zimene iwo wotanganidwa malo okwana. Motero anaphunzira microsection pamwamba. Malinga mode imene kutentha opangidwa ovomereza-eutectoid zitsulo, popangidwa ndi magawo fractional particles austenite. Koma pafupifupi anthu paokhapaokha ndi mapangidwe mfundo wapadera - chinthu china yotsala malire mfundo magawo osiyanasiyana.

Katundu doevtektoidnoy zitsulo

zitsulo amenewa amanena zitsulo wofatsa, kotero makhalidwe enieni ntchito sangathe kuyembekezera kwa iye. Wokwanira kuti mphamvu makhalidwe a aloyi ndi kwambiri wotaya eutectoid. Ichi ndi chifukwa basi kusiyana dongosolo. chakuti doevtektoidnyh kalasi zitsulo munali chitsulo owonjezera Mat mphamvu analogs ndi simenti mu structural akonzedwa. Mwina chifukwa chimenechi, luso kwa gawo yomanga akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo ulimi umene wakhala akuyendera pazipita yowotcha ntchito ndi kusamuka kwa ferrites.

Ngati ife kulankhula za HIV katundu yapaderayi nkhaniyi, pamenepo iwo ductility, kukana ku zachilengedwe ndondomeko zamoyo chiwonongeko ndi zina zotero. D. Ndi Kuthetsa izi doevtektoidnyh steels mukhoza kuwonjezera zitsulo ndi zingapo zochititsa zina. Mwachitsanzo, kungakhale mkulu matenthedwe kukana, ndi kusowa chiwopsezo kuti njira dzimbiri, komanso mndandanda wa katundu kuteteza ochiritsira kasakaniza wazitsulo otsika mpweya.

Minda ya ntchito

Ngakhale kuchepa pang'ono katundu mphamvu chifukwa zitsulo a kalasi ya steels ferritic, zinthu izi kufalitsidwa ku madera osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu luso lopanga ntchito ziwalo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo doevtektoidnyh. Chinthu china chimene amagwiritsa kalasi kasakaniza wazitsulo mkulu, kupanga amene ntchito zapamwamba yowotcha luso ndi normalization. Komanso, kapangidwe ka ovomereza-eutectoid zitsulo ndi okhutira otsika ferrite amalola ntchito zitsulo mu kupanga nyumba nyumbayi. Komanso, mtengo wotsika ena sukulu wachitsulo wa mtundu uwu limachititsa tizidalira ndalama kwambiri. Nthawizina, mu kupanga zomangira ndi zigawo zitsulo musati amafuna mphamvu apamwamba koma amafuna kuvala kukana ndi elasticity. Zikatero chabe wolungamitsidwa ntchito doevtektoidnyh kasakaniza wazitsulo.

kupanga

Kupanga pokonzekera amasulidwe zitsulo ovomereza-eutectoid mu Russia zikugwira mabizinezi ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Ural mbewu nonferrous zitsulo (UZTSM) manufactures sukulu zingapo zitsulo za mtundu uwu, kupereka wosuta ndi zosiyana katundu luso ndi thupi. Ural Zitsulo chomera umabala ferrite zitsulo, amene ali apamwamba zigawo aloyi. Kuwonjezera apo, assortment wa zosintha zilipo kasakaniza wazitsulo wapadera, kuphatikizapo superalloys, ndi mkulu-chromium zosapanga dzimbiri.

Mwa alimi akuluakulu tingaone, ndi kampani "Metalloinvest". Pa maofesi a kampani zilipo structural zitsulo ndi doevtektoidnoy dongosolo, kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito yomanga. Pa nthawi, zitsulo mphero zomera ntchito pa mfundo yatsopano, amene amalola kusintha chofooka banga ndi ferrite kasakaniza wazitsulo - mphamvu makhalidwe. Makamaka, luso kampani kuwongolera maganizo mwamphamvu chinthu, kuti konza kulimba ndi kukana kuti ntchito kutopa. Zimenezi zimathandiza ife kupereka kasakaniza wazitsulo cholinga pafupifupi konsekonse.

Pomaliza

Pali zingapo katundu luso ndi ntchito za mafakitale ndi kumanga zitsulo, amene kofunika ndi zonse bwino. Komabe, ngati zovuta nyumba ndi njira zitangomera, ndipo amafuna latsopano zigawo zikuluzikulu hardware. Pa nkhani imeneyi, wowala kumaonekera ovomereza-eutectoid zitsulo, mmene osiyana kuganizira ntchito. Ntchito zitsulo izi sayesedwa wolungama pa nthawi imene katunduyo zofunika ndi angapo ntchito kopitilira muyeso-mkulu, ndi zinthu zimene zimafuna wapadera waika sanali muyezo wa katundu osiyana. Pankhaniyi zitsulo zikusonyeza chitsanzo cha kulumikizana kwa kusinthasintha ndi ductility ndi kukhudza kukana mulingo woyenera ndi makhalidwe akuluakulu zoteteza ankaikira kwambiri kasakaniza wazitsulo mpweya.