Ikuimira ndakatulo mabuku

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20 ya ophiphiritsa mabuku amalembedwa khalidwe la nthawi siteji wapadera. makhalidwe ake anamva pa zaka zotsirizira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Ophiphiritsa mabuku ndi zolinga zake zokongoletsa ndi nzeru zaumunthu kukhwima motsutsa likhale anachita andale amene anatsatira kugonjetsedwa kwa chosintha populism. nthawi iyi ndi stagnation chikhalidwe. Mu nyengo iyi ya ophiphiritsa mu Chiyambi chake.

Literature, ndakatulo makamaka nkhawa matenda, kuchepa pa nthawi imeneyo. Ndakatulo, popeza watwya mphamvu zake zakale, mphamvu ndi kutalika, chinazilala ndi chinazilala. Zipangizo ndakatulo yokha wataya mphamvu zake ndi zinthu zoona.

Ophiphiritsa mabuku anatuluka mu mawonekedwe a pokwiya impoverishment, ndi mtima wofuna kubwerera kwa iye kuti mphamvu ya moyo, nanena mawu atsopano. Pa mbali imodzi kuti wabweretsa ndi izo zimachitika zoipa kutsutsa Russian ndi maganizo ake chuma. Kenako anayamba atasemphana ndi wotsutsa Marxist. Ikuimira ndakatulo mabuku ankalimbikitsa chipembedzo ndi chabe.

Mawonetseredwe woyamba kuyenda linaonekera mu lonena za wotchedwa Dmitry Merezhkovsky, deta yake ya ndakatulo "Zizindikiro". Mu 1894-95. kunja "kutsutsa Russian." Kusonkhanitsa awa atatu ntchito kusindikizidwa advantageously wamng'ono Briusov Bal'mont. Mu ntchito iyi, wina anamva mzimu watsopano.

Mu Russia, panali ophiphiritsa mu mabuku zosonyeza ku West. andakatulo Young anapereka pamlingo winawake chikoka English, French, German ndakatulo. Ngakhale kuti m'njira anazindikira Symbolist zimafanana ndi nzeru za Schopenhauer ndi Nietzsche, iwo mwamphamvu kwambiri anakana kuti ali ndi kudalira lofunika mabuku European Western. Iwo anayesera kuti apeze inayambira mbadwa mabuku, ntchito ya feta, Tiutchev, Fofanova. Anali prerequisites kukhazikitsa ngati "ubwenzi" ndi ntchito za Lermontov ndi Pushkin. Malinga Balmont, ikuimira wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali. Iye ankaona Symbolists Calderón ndi Blake, Baudelaire ndi Edgar Allan Poe ndi ena.

Palibe kukaika kuti zilandiridwenso Tiutchev ndi zizindikiro feta ophiphiritsa pano. Komanso, za njira zina za ubale ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu cha Russia, dothi lake dziko kumaoneka chifukwa chakuti malangizo sali wakufa, koma m'malo mwake, osauka, kuchita ndi mphamvu zatsopano mu kama wake.

Tikumbukenso kuti ikuimira Russian mabuku ku West ankasiyana kwambiri yokhudza ufiti. Ichi chinali chifukwa, makamaka, wauzimu, chuma, zomwe wakwaniritsa umenewu mu Russia.

M'masiku oyambirira a mapangidwe otaya Symbolist ntchito zambiri kunyozedwa ndiponso kuchititsidwa onyoza. Wolemba ndakatulo linali lofika dzina la aipa, motero mumayesto maganizo awo aipa kupanda chiyembekezo, ndi kutchulidwa anthu azikhala, lingaliro la moyo kukanidwa. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha m'ma lotsatira ikuimira anayamba kuoneka ngati gulu zolembalemba m'mbali zonse motsimikiza. Zinali zovuta kusokoneza ndi zochitika zina za luso, anayamba aesthetics ake, poetics, mapangidwe ndi chiphunzitso chawo. 1900 wakhala ngati kunja - pa nthawi ino anatsimikizira "nkhope" wa ophiphiritsa mabuku. Izo zinali zodzaza ndi kutulutsidwa kwa okhwima, penti yowala umunthu wa wolemba buku lakuti Balmont "nyumba moto" ndi ntchito za Bryusov "Lamulo lachitatu alonda» ( «Tertia Vigilia»).

Mu mabuku, symbolist kayendedwe anali kwa Romantics, amene anauziridwa ndi nzeru za n'zosatheka, kuzindikira apamaliro achipembedzo cha njira ina yatsopano. The Symbolists anatha lotero analanda kufotokoza tanthauzo la mantha tsoka zomvetsa chisoni chikhalidwe chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri.