Mitundu ya Sciences. Gawo zamakono

Mu sayansi yamakono chifaniziro chodabwitsa izo imagwira kwambiri malinga ndi mbali zake zikuluzikulu ndi makhalidwe. chilango onse lagawidwa nthambi zambiri. Mitundu ya sayansi zosiyana kwa wina malingana mbali chabe mawonekedwe chuma ndi kufufuza. Ofunika ndi kusankha chimodzi kapena chimzake njira kuphunzira.

Chitukuko cha sayansi masomphenya a asayansi amakono kusanduka zitsanzo zochepa:

1. Mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha chilango kafukufuku asayansi amakono ntchito za akapolo anzawo akale.
2. Development ndi kukhazikitsa kusintha sayansi. chitsanzo ichi adzatenge kusintha zonse ofala maganizo, kusintha kwa "chete gawo" kwa "siteji mavuto."
3. Kukula kwa chilango kudzera njira chidziwitso mfundo zachilengedwe sayansi. Mosapatuka chitsanzo ichi buku ndi njira ongolankhula ndi luso, makamaka ku munda wa sayansi. Izi zimapangitsa i la chidziwitso chonse: kuthekera yachinsinsi experimental umboni molondola.
4. Development mwa kusakanikirana chidziwitso. Pankhaniyi, dongosolo kumanga malinga ndi zinthu m'zigawo za nthambi zosiyana pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi mfundo za malo ena a cognition.

Kudulidwa mu mitundu ya Sciences ikuchitika pa phunziro (chinthu), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira.

Kalasi yoyamba zikuphatikizapo zachilengedwe, sayansi chikhalidwe, komanso nzeru za maganizo.

Mitundu ya sayansi zachilengedwe ndi gawo lophweka a kalasi loyamba. The chifukwa cha chidziwitso lachilengedwe sayansi amanena osati chilichonse chimene chachitika ndi kafukufuku mu ndondomeko cognition. M'mawu ena, lamulo la chikhalidwe kapena chiphunzitso zoona, ngati okhutira cholinga.

Mitundu ya Sciences, kuwonjezekeredwa mu gulu la anthu, ndi penapake zovuta zambiri ndi gawo mwatsatanetsatane. Mu amalanga awa akugwira mphindi zotengera malingaliridwe ikuchitika osati ndi mawonekedwe cilamulo, komanso Kutchulidwa kwa mbiri, nkhani chikhalidwe.

Mitundu ya kuganiza Sciences, pamodzi ndi kumabungwe chikhalidwe, m'magulumagulu pansi pa anthu. Pankhaniyi, akale ndi mawonekedwe, omwe amasonyeza chakuti chinthu kukachita chinachake zili payekha kapena kuzunza chikhalidwe cha munthu.

M'kalasi yachiwiri zikuphatikizapo sayansi, yodziwika ndi njira kufufuza. Kusankha kuvomereza imagwiridwa malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha mayeso nkhani (chinthu). Pankhaniyi kusankha zina pali ena subjectivity.

M'kalasi yachitatu zikuphatikizapo mitundu ya ntchito, sayansi yeniyeni, chikhalidwe luso. Pankhaniyi, cholinga mbali zimayambitsa zimabweretsa ndi zotengera malingaliridwe - ndi chinawonjezeka ndi kudziwa yothandiza olephera. nthambi zonse kalasi zochokera kuphatikiza ndi. Zimatengera mogwirizana kwa mbali cholinga (Natural Law) ndi mphindi zotengera malingaliridwe.