Kachisi pa Nerl (Bogolyubovo, Vladimir dera): mbiri, mbiri ndi zithunzi

Ngati mupempha munthu aliyense wa ku Russia kuti adziwe ma temples okongola a Orthodox malingaliro ake, adzalitcha dzina lokongola la Red Square - Cathedral ya St. Basil, kunyada kwa Russia - Kachisi wa Khristu Mpulumutsi, ndi kachisi pa Nerl. N'chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Kodi mpingo wodzichepetsa komanso osati pakati pa mpingo wa Intercession on the Nerl unapeza bwanji chikondi chotchukachi?

Prince Andrew

Ndipotu, kachisi pa Nerl ndi wokongola kwambiri ku Russia, komanso, palibe ntchito yovomerezeka yojambula zamakono padziko lapansi , ndipo iyi ndi imodzi mwa zipilala zazikulu kwambiri zamakono. Mpingo wotchuka unapangidwa ndi mbiri yakalekale, komanso kusanganikirana ndi malo ozungulira. Kachisi pa Nerl ndi mgwirizano! Chikumbumtima ichi, zikuwoneka, chimapuma ndi mpweya womwewo wa zaka zosatheka kuganiza, pamene princedom Vladimirsky inamera.

Kalonga wodabwitsa Andrei Bogolyubsky ankafuna kwenikweni kumanga likulu lina ku Russia, kuposa Kiev, wokongola kwambiri kuposa Constantinople, monga Yerusalemu. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, Prince Andrew anamanga Vladimir yake, mipingo yambiri yokongola inamangidwa. Korona wa ntchitoyi inali Bogoliubovo, ndipo pamutu - Mpingo wa Intercession on the Nerl mu 1165. Pano, Nerl inagwirizanitsidwa ndi Klyazma ndipo idakhala ngati njira yopita kumitsinje yambiri yamalonda. Kachisi pa Nerl amawoneka kuti adakula mwachilengedwe pa phiri, koma sanamangidwe, kotero malo adasankhidwa kwa iye moyenera.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Kulengedwa kwa chikumbutso ichi kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zinsinsi zambiri, zomanga komanso mbiri. Mu zolemba za kutchulidwa kwa zomangamanga sizikusowa, nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi masiku ndipo ngakhale dzina silinasonyeze. M'modzi amalemba kuti Prince Andrey Yurievich anafika ku Kiev, anamanga Bogolyubny matalala ndi mipingo iwiri yamwala. Mmodzi, nkhani ikutsutsa kuti tchalitchi cha Nerl chimamangidwa, ndipo ndi Pokrovskaya.

Moyo wa Andrei Bogolyubsky umasonyeza kuti Vladimirs anapita ku Bulgaria, kumene pambuyo pa chigonjetso, imfa ya kalonga, Izyaslav Andreevich, inatha. Ntchito yomanga tchalitchi cha Intercession on the Nerl inangoyamba mwamsanga. Makhalidwe a ntchito pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kachisi ndi nthawi yathu sichinachitikepo. M'chilimwe chimodzi, kachisi anamangidwa, ndipo amonkewo anakhazikika kumeneko. Kawirikawiri ngakhale tsopano nyumba zoterezi zimamangidwa mkati mwa zaka zingapo ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakono ndi makina a ntchito.

Phwando la Kupembedzera

Panalibe tchuthi lotero ku Byzantium, Chitetezero cha Malo Opatulikitsa Theotokos ku Russia chinamveka ndipo chinalemekezedwa apa. Zithunzi zoyambirira kuchokera pa nthawi yathu mpaka lero zimabwerera ku zaka za m'ma 1400. Zachisi za Pokrovsky zilizonse za annals za zaka zimenezo sizinafotokozedwe. Kotero, ndi Prince Andrew Bogolyubsky ndipo timayanjanitsa nawo tchuthi lokongola kwambiri, tikulingalira kuti ndilo maziko ku Russia pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi ziwiri.

Apa chotsutsana chofunikira kwambiri ndi chakuti mpingo wa Intercession on the Nerl umatchedwa, zaka zana ndi zaka za dziko la kalonga, mwakukhala kwawo. Prince Andrew mwini, monga ofufuza ochuluka amaganiza, analemba ndi zikondwerero za mautumiki aumulungu, omwe anadza kwa ife mu mndandanda wa nthawi yotsatira. Kulongosola kwa kachisi pa Nerl kuchokera kwa Andrew Bogolyubsky kumaphatikizapo "The Prosthetic Legend," "Service" ndi "The Word." Zingakhale bwino kuti lingaliro la kugwirizana kwa tchalitchi ku Nerl ndi kupembedzana mu ntchito ya Russia ya Namwaliyo mwa njira ina yogwirizana ndi kulemekeza kwa chozizwitsa cha Vlakhern.

Baibulo lina

Amalembanso za chozizwitsa china chimene chinachitika pa nkhondo ndi a Volga Bulgaria. Ankhondo a ku Russia anayenda pansi pa mthunzi wa Mtanda ndi mafano a Mpulumutsi ndi Amayi a Mulungu a Vladimir, kumene mazira a moto anadzidzimutsa mwadzidzidzi. Icho chinali chithunzi cha Lady Wathu wa Vladimir kuti ntchito yomanga Tchalitchi cha Intercession pa Nerl inaperekedwa. Kawirikawiri, zambiri zomwe zimakhalapo zimanena za mpingo osati Pokrovsky, koma ndi Theotokos.

Moyo wa Andrei Bogolyubsky amalankhulanso za izi. Zingatheke kuti pachiyambi kachisi adadzipereka kwa mafano awiriwa, ndipo kenako anadzadziwika kuti Pokrovsky, ngakhale kuti panalibe kukonzanso mwapadera. Mulimonsemo, kuti mafano awiri opatulikawa anathandiza asilikali a Russia pa ntchitoyi ndizosasinthika. Madera a Vladimir m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi amadziwika bwino chifukwa amamanga kachisi wokongola kwambiri.

Zinsinsi Zopangidwa

Ngakhale tsopano, kupyolera mu mazana ambiri, mawonekedwe amakono a tchalitchi ichi akuyamikiridwa ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Zingowonjezereka bwino ndi malo, monga ngati malo awa adalengedwa mwachilengedwe kotero kuti kuno kumangidwanso Mpingo wa Intercession pa Nerl. Koma akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amatsutsa zimenezi mwa kufufuza kwawo. Choyamba, kachisiyo adawoneka mosiyana kale, ngakhale kuti kunali kosatheka kusintha chikhalidwe chomwe chimafuna kupita kumwamba. Kusintha kwa nthawi kwakhala kokhumudwitsa, koma, makamaka, payekha. Koma phiri! .. Sizinapangidwa ndi chirengedwe, koma ndi manja a anthu.

Chophimba ichi cha kachisi chidapangidwa pa maziko ovuta. Mphepete mwa nyanja pano ndi yotsika, floodplain, ndipo chilengedwe sichinapereke phiri lililonse. Patsikuli, madziwo ananyamuka ndi mamita atatu. Kuyamba kumanga pansi pa zochitika zachilengedwe sizingatheke, chigumula chikanasamba chaka chilichonse. Choncho, poyamba adayala maziko a cobblestone yaikulu, pogwiritsa ntchito laimu. Kutsika kwa maziko ndi mamita oposa theka ndi theka, mpaka dothi lakumtunda. Koma chinthu chimodzi chimene kachisi uyu sakanati adzapulumutse chigumula.

Pansi pansi

Pa maziko omwewo ndi maziko a mpanda - apa iwo amagwiritsa ntchito miyala yokongola bwino komanso yolimba kwambiri. Kutalika kwa makoma amenewa ndi pafupi mamita anayi, ndipo onsewo amaphimbidwa ndipo amadzaza ndi dothi kunja ndi mkati. Kotero, gawo lokhalo pansi pa tchalitchi, limene dera la Vladimir limanyadira, liri mamita asanu ndi masentimita makumi atatu.

Tsopano madzi a kasupe osayenerera sali owopsya kuti akhale tchalitchi chaima pamtunda wa phiri lopangira. Kulongosola kwa chikumbutso cha chikhalidwe "Mpingo wa Intercession on the Nerl" uyenera kuyamba ndi izi ndikulemekeza malingaliro a engineering ndi maluso apangidwe a anthu a ku Russia amene ali nawo kuyambira pachiyambi, kuyambira nthawi yakalekale. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, tisaiwale kuti phiri lonselo linali kunja ndi miyala yofiira, ngati chipolopolo, komwe kunayikidwa zowonjezera m'madzi, ndi masitepe okongola omwe amatsogoleredwa.

Maonekedwe a kachisi

Kukhulupirika ndi kukwanira kwa kachisi pa Nerl popanda kukwera chifukwa cha phiri lopangidwira silinathe kufika. Koma izi ndizokhazikitsidwa, ndizofunikira kwambiri, zomwe zilipo zodabwitsa kwambiri kwa omanga ndi okonza nthawi yathu. Awa ndiwo matabwa oyera pamwamba pa madzi pamtunda waukulu, mitsempha yamatabwa yokhala ndi lamba wamtengo wapatali, ndi kachisi wokha ndi nsanja ya ng'anjo, ndipo potsirizira pake galasi ndi mtanda zikuwonekera kumwamba.

Tsopano kanyumba kakang'ono ka kachisi, koma kanali kofiira, ndi mamba a matabwa. Ndipo izi sizosintha zonse. Panthawi inayake kuzungulira kwa kachisi kunali maofesi otseguka a gulbis pamwamba mamita asanu ndi theka, ndipo kum'mwera chakumadzulo zonsezi zidadutsa pakhoma la makulidwe ochititsa chidwi, omwe munali staircase mkati ndi khomo layaya.

Zamagawo

Kuchuluka kwake kwa kachisi kunayanjanitsika ngati kuti kunali chisomo ndi kukongola, ngakhale mtundu wa zomangamanga ndi wamba: umodzi, wamtundu, wampatuko, wamphongo anayi, mavaves atatu - kotalika ndi osatembenuka. Ndipo komabe kachisi pa Nerl ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mipingo yambiri ya mtundu umenewu. Cholinga chachikulu cha omanga chinali zotsatira za mgwirizano ndi msinkhu wa mphamvu zodabwitsa, ndipo zinkatheka chifukwa cha zifukwa zambiri poyamba.

Chinsinsi chonse chiri ndi tsatanetsatane, zomwe sizikuyang'ana maso, koma zikutsindika bwino za mawonekedwe ofunika. Pano mawindo apse ndi okwera kwambiri, mawindo apakati ndi apamwamba kuposa ena onse. Dama ndi lapamwamba kuposa kale ndipo kale, ndi mawindo aatali kwambiri. Ndipo kukwera komwe kulowera pansi pa kachisi wonse kumalimbikitsa kwambiri chikhumbochi mmwamba. Ngakhale mkatikati mwa kachisi, danga lonse limapangidwa mwa njira kotero kuti limawoneka ngati nsanamira imodzi ya mpweya yomwe ikukwera mmwamba.

Kukongoletsa

Chokongola kwambiri chojambula miyala, chokhazikitsidwa ndi zomangamanga, zimakongoletsa kachisi. Chokondedwa cha Akhristu a Orthodox ndi chifaniziro cha Mfumu David ndi zenizeni zenizeni komanso zogometsa, zolemekezeka zachikhalidwe ndi mwadzidzidzi - zozizwitsa zozizwitsa za nkhope ya mtsikanayo yomwe ikuzungulira mazenera onse a kachisi. Zambiri mwa zokongoletsera zakunja zinalibe chinsinsi cha zojambula zokongoletsera. Tsopano sikuti zonse zimasungidwa, zithunzi zokha zisanu ndi zinayi zokha, koma ndizojambula zojambulajambula zenizeni.

Kujambula mwala wamwala ndi ntchito yochuluka kwambiri. Zimatenga nthawi yaitali komanso luso lamakono. N'kosavuta kuyala miyala iyi - miyala yoposa chikwi. Ndipo mwala wopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe ndi zojambula zojambulidwa za kachisi pa Nerl ziri pafupi masiku zikwi zinayi za anthu.

Kusintha

Kuwonongedwa koyamba kwa kachisi kunabweretsa mantha akuluakulu pambuyo pa imfa ya Andrei Bogolyubsky. Pambuyo pawo panali yachiwiri ndi yachitatu, ndipo kuwonongeka kosawerengeka kunachitikira kachisi. Koma mozama kukonza izo zinangoyambira kumapeto kwa zana la sevente la sevente: nyumba zowonongeka zinachotsedwa, denga lamapanga anayi linapangidwa. Pakati pa kusefukira kwa madzi, mtsinjewu unayandikira makomawo: madzi oyandama anasefukira pansi pa chipinda chapansi cha kachisi. Koma ichi si chinthu choipitsitsa. Kuopsa kwakukulu kunachitika mu 1784, pamene abbot a manda adalandira chilolezo chofufuza za Intercession Cathedral pokhapokha mwala umene unkafunika kuti umange nyumbayi. Osati kupatulapo, Vladimirskaya Kupempherera analowererapo: makontrakitala ndi wogula sanagwirizane pa mtengo.

Kudziwa ndi mliri waukulu kwambiri. Mu 1877, nyumba ya amonke yopanda bungwe ndi womanga nyumbayo inakonzanso kachisi. Kenaka fresco inafera m'mphepete mwa ng'anjo ndi ng'anjo, mipukutu yambiri ya miyala yoyera imalowetsedwa ndi pulasitiki, ndipo mpingo womwewo unamangidwa ndi zida zachitsulo, zosafunikira kwenikweni kwa iye. Mu 1919, mipingo yonse ya miyala yoyera inadza pansi pa chitetezo cha boma. Mabanja - onse awiri - anaphimbidwa kufikira 1990. Kenaka Mpingo wa Intercession on the Nerl unasamutsidwa ku nyumba ya osungirako ya Bogolyubov yomwe idangoyamba kumene, ndiyeno kupita ku parishiyo. Mu 1992, tchalitchi cha Nerl chinali kale pa List of World Heritage List. Ndipo kwanthawizonse nyumba yosangalatsa iyi idzakhalabe imodzi mwa zizindikiro za Russia.