Kachulukidwe wa mpweya

Tsiku lililonse, anthu ochepa kuganizira zimene ali osalimba za mlengalenga, ndi tanthauzo lanji chithunzi ichi zambiri mu kukhalapo kwa onse amene alipo pa dziko. Pa nthawiyi, tsiku lililonse timaona zouluka ndege, kuuluka mbalame, nkuwulukira nagwa zinthu ndipo susonyeza mfundo yakuti ndi mpweya kachulukidwe chizindikiro Mzimuyo pamaso pa zopambana izi.

Nthawi zambiri, kuthera maholide malo osiyana, tinganene kuti pa nthawi ina anali mpweya achinyezi, ndi wina - youma. Pankhaniyi, anawonjezera kuti m'nkhani yoyamba, inu mosavuta kusuntha, kupuma, ndi wachiwiri munaona kuopsa kwa zoyenda, kusapeza, amene sanaone pamene mudakhala yachibadwa chilengedwe nyengo inu. Panthawi imeneyi, ife ndayiwala tinauzidwa mphunzitsi wina pamene akuphunzitsa kusukulu pa maphunziro a sayansi - mpweya chinyezi ali osalimba zosakwana mpweya ndi youma, ndipo, chotero, misa ndi zosakwana youma.

Pakuwonana koyamba, zikuoneka paradoxical ngati ife kuganizira maonekedwe kwenikweni amene tinakambirana pamwamba. Koma kwenikweni, monga mpweya, kumene kwambiri madzi ananenanso mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi, kungakhale opepuka kuposa madzi kuti lilibe?

Koma uyu ndithu ndi choncho, ndi yankho la funso, paradoxical koyamba, funso, asayansi kudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba amanena kuti osalimba a mpweya lonyowa n'chozama kupitirira kuti mpweya youma, anafotokoza kwambiri Isaak Nyuton mu wotchuka buku "Optics" wake, amene inafalitsidwa mu London mu 1717. Komabe, akulu England kungoganizira sanathenso bwino - mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, asayansi osati kuvomereza izo, koma samaona ndi chidwi kwambiri pa nkhani imeneyi.

Kuti mwanjira kuyandikira kumvetsa vuto - chifukwa osalimba a mpweya zimadalira chinyezi wa - ayenera kukumbukira yodziwika malamulo ochepa achilengedwe.

Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za m'ma otsiriza Amedeo Avogadro wotchuka wa ku Italy wa sayansi anapeza kuti kaya mtundu wa mpweya, ngati kutenga buku mapulani ndiye pa kutentha chomwecho ndi kuthamanga chomwecho, chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu mu mafuta adzakhala nthawi zonse. Khalidwe limeneli, ndipo kenako dzina lake Avogadro zonse, monga anaitanidwa, ndipo iye anapeza lamulo la mpweya.

Lamulo ili kumaonekera monga osalimba a mpweya zimadalira kutentha, kuthamanga ndi chinyezi akhoza kutsimikizika pa chitsanzo wapamwamba.

Childs, youma woyera (m'lingaliro mankhwala) mpweya, lili mu kapangidwe kake za 78% ya mamolekyulu ndi asafe, kulemera atomiki aliyense mamolekyulu awa ndi 28. mpweya zikuchokera ali 21% anali okosijeni, kulemera atomiki zomwe mamolekyulu ndi wofanana 32 . peresenti wina monga mbali ya mpweya zinagwera ena mpweya ena, amene alipo, koma kwa kuwerengetsera yathu, wodziwika ichi tikambirana zonyozeka.

mamolekyulu mpweya amadziwika ndi katundu ufulu chichokereni ku posungira, mmene mafuta ndi. Choncho, Avogadro anakhazikitsa ulamuliro zotsatirazi: ngati buku lathu mpweya youma okhala, monga tinagwirizana, mamolekyulu wa asafe ndi mpweya, kuwonjezera madzi molekyulu, ndiye iwo adzapanga mpweya wathu ndi zochepa wandiweyani. chifukwa ndi lophweka - mamolekyulu madzi ndi kulemera atomiki ang'onoang'ono kuposa asafe maselo ndi wa hydrogen, ndi wofanana 18. Popeza kuti chiwerengero cha mamolekyulu mu buku anapatsidwa mpweya kukhala zonse, ndi tinthu madzi zinangothamangitsa mamolekyulu wa asafe ndi mpweya mu mlengalenga zikuchokera, m'malo awo. Choncho apa njira ndi osalimba kumakhala kosavuta chinyezi mpweya kuposa youma.

Mu chitsanzo ichi Komabe, pali kutsutsana. Amakhala mu mfundo yakuti munthu aliyense pafupifupi mukhoza kulira, momwe izi zikhoza kukhala ngati madzi kachulukidwe apamwamba mpweya osalimba. Yankho lake ndi losavuta kwambiri: madzi alipo mu mlengalenga mwa mawonekedwe a nthunzi, Chapafupi n'chiti ndi asafe ndi mpweya, ndi chifukwa chakuti "madzi" kufalitsa dongosolo zonse zichokera wanzeru Avogadro.

Nkofunika tione chimene chimadalira kwambiri pa kachulukidwe mpweya ndi kuthamanga ndi kutentha kuposa chinyezi lapansi. Chifukwa mpweya lonyowa ali osalimba poyerekeza youma yekha pokhalabe kutentha chomwecho ndi anzawo.