Kodi mkhalidwe okondwa wa maatomu

. Mu 1905 ndi J. Thompson woyamba adafotokoza chitsanzo cha dongosolo atomiki, malinga ndi umene ndithu mlandu mpira, mkati amene anakonza ndi particles zoipa mlandu - ma elekitironi. Magetsi chosalowerera ndale atomu anafotokoza aone kuti pali mpira mlandu ndi onse ma elekitironi ake.

Mu malo chiphunzitso ichi mu 1911, anafika chitsanzo mapulaneti, analengedwa ndi Rutherford: pakati pa nyenyezi pachimake, amapanga zambiri za maatomu onse m'njira mozungulira ma elekitironi ndi, mayiko umakhudza. Komabe, zatsopano zambiri, zotsatira mukayikire pa chikonzero cha chitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo, mitunduyi ya Rutherford anatsatira liwiro la ma elekitironi ndi radii awo akhoza zosiyanasiyana mosalekeza. Zikatero akakhala anati cheza yopitirira pa sipekitiramu lonse. Komabe, zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo amasonyeza mzere makulidwe a maatomu. Komanso, pali kusiyana ena. Kenako, Niels Bohr akufuna chitsanzo kwadzidzidzi dongosolo atomiki. Tikumbukenso nthaka ndi okondwa boma la maatomu. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza makamaka kufotokoza valence wa mchitidwe wa.

Boma okondwa wa maatomu ndi gawo wapakatikati pakati pa boma ndi mlingo ziro mphamvu ndi apamwamba kuposa izo. Kwambiri wosakhazikika, choncho ndi yofulumira kwambiri - nthawi ya miliyoni a lachiwirilo. Boma okondwa atomu kumachitika pamene uthenga kwa iye mphamvu zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kumene udachokera akhoza poyera kutentha ndi minda mu atomu.

Mu wosalira mtundu wa chiphunzitso chakale dongosolo atomiki limanena kuti padziko pachimake pa mtunda ena pamodzi zili m'njira zozungulira atembenuza indivisible particles zoipa mlandu - ma elekitironi. Aliyense kanjira si mzere, kuti zingaoneke, ndi mphamvu "mtambo" ndi ma elekitironi angapo. Komanso, aliyense elekitironi ali sapota lake (atembenuza nguli). Aliyense utali wozungulira elekitironi kanjira zimadalira mlingo wake mphamvu, choncho, pakalibe kunja chikoka dongosolo mkati ndi mokwanira khola. kuphwanya ake - boma okondwa la atomu -nastupaet pamene kunja lipoti mphamvu. Choncho, m'njira chomaliza pamene mphamvu ya mogwirizana ndi ngale ndi ang'ono, wophatikizidwa elekitironi amanena ndi steamed, monga Motero, mphambano awo amapezeka maselo ulesi. M'mawu ena, malinga ndi Conservation mphamvu malamulo elekitironi kusintha kwa apamwamba misinkhu mphamvu limodzi ndi mayamwidwe photons.

Taganizirani atomu mu boma okondwa la atomu Mwachitsanzo Arsenic (Monga). valence ake ndi atatu. Kodi chidwi, phindu zimenezi n'zoona okha choncho pamene membala ali mu mkhalidwe ufulu. Popeza valence anatsimikiza ndi nambala ya amanena unpaired, atalandira kunja mphamvu atomu pa malo kanjira otsiriza anati zimapita particles ndi kusintha kwa khungu ufulu. Chifukwa, amasintha kanjira. Popeza sublevels mphamvu chabe kubwezedwa, ndiye kusintha kumbuyo (recombination), nthaka boma maatomu, limodzi ndi zamoyo wa mphamvu odzipereka monga photons ofanana. Tikaonanso chitsanzo cha Arsenic: chifukwa kusintha chiwerengero cha amanena unpaired m'chigawo okondwa limafanana ndi valence cha mchitidwe asanu.

Schematically, tatchulazi chiri motere: pamene kulandira mphamvu kuchokera gawo kunja kwa akunja ma elekitironi atomu ali osamukira mtunda kwambiri ndi phata (kanjira utali wozungulira ukuwonjezeka). Komabe, chifukwa purotoni mu phata ndi, phindu okwana mphamvu mkati mwa atomu amakhala akuluakulu. Popeza yothandizira athandizira mphamvu kunja mofulumira kwambiri elekitironi amabwerera kanjira kake m'mbuyomu. Mu nkhani iyi, owonjezera mphamvu zake adzamasulidwa ku mawonekedwe cheza mu atomu.