Gulu la ntchito. Tanthauzo ndi gulu la ntchito

Tikupereka ndi gulu mwatsatanetsatane ntchito pa malo osiyana. Inu mukudziwa, kodi maganizo awo a momwe iwo amasiyana Chrixitu. Choyamba, timapereka mtima zoyenelera kukhala ndi lingaliro la chimene chinali kuchitika.

The polojekiti - kuipidwa dongosolo ndondomeko, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kusintha m'madera osiyanasiyana a moyo wa munthu. M'mayiko otukuka ndi ku mayiko a Soviet Union losiyana kwambiri lingaliro ili ndi gulu la ntchito nthawi zina makhalidwe yake (onani. Gawo "Investment Ntchito").

M'lingaliro miyambo ya mawu akunena polojekiti:

1) Cholinga cha lingaliro, mfundo.

2) Choncho, kungokamba, ulaliki, fano la chinthu (chogwirika kapena chosaoneka ndi maso) pa pepala kapena pa zinthu zina.

Kodi m'gulu polojekiti?

Lingaliro la mu mayiko anayamba wa West ndi onse kuposa amatengedwa kwa ife. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lina la kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti American anam'patsa monga vuto linalake ndi deta choyambirira komanso zolinga anakhumba (zotsatira) amene amayambitsa njira yothetsera izo. Koma pali zikunenedwa zimene chuma zilipo kwa kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi. Komanso njira yothetsera vuto watsimikiza nthawi zonse osati zolinga (zakambidwa) kusankha zochita zake. Choncho tikhoza kunena kuti ntchito kumaphatikizapo:

- pulani (ntchito, vuto);

- njira yothetsera (kukhazikitsa);

- mipherezero (zotsatira).

zotsatira za polojekiti

polojekiti m'lingaliro wodziika - chinachake chimene chingasinthe chirichonse mu dziko, moyo. Zotsatira ake ndi mfundo yofanana ndi maganizo zimakhala zenizeni (bungwe, nyumba, nyumba, katundu ndi zina zotero. D.) Ndipo umboni (zinachitikira, chidziwitso, njira, mapulani, ndi zina zotero. D.). Ngati timaona ngati dongosolo zazikulu, tingaone:

- zikusinthira (sayansi, zolembedwa, etc ...);

- kumapeto (phindu, mankhwala, etc ...).

Nthawi zambiri ntchito ndi zotsatira zake ndi kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a zolinga za dongosolo, kutanthauza kuti ntchito ndi kachitidwe. M'mawu ena, kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zosiyana ndi mabwenzi akutulukira pakati pawo ndipo amakwaniritsa zolinga zina.

Malo amene n'zotheka m'kagulu ntchito

Gulu la ntchito angathe kuchitidwa pa mawu kukhazikitsa, lonse, khalidwe la zinalengedwera ndi kukhazikitsa, kukhazikitsa malo, kukula kwa chuma ntchito. The zosiyanasiyana mitundu zedi mkulu ndithu. Gulu la ntchito ali ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi:

- dongosolo, zikuchokera ntchito ndi malo mutu, kudziwa kalasi ake;

- dera la ntchito, kumene ikuchitika, amene amasankha mtundu wake;

- kukula kwa ntchitoyo, chiwerengero cha ophunzira ndi mmene kukopa kwake pa dziko, liwulo ukulu;

- nthawi ya kukhazikitsa amene amasankha nthawi yake;

- mlingo wa mavuto luso, chuma, gulu, luso ndi zina.

ntchito gulu

Mitundu ya ntchito ndi izi: bungwe, zachuma, luso ndi kusakaniza. ntchito gululi amaonera kusintha mabizinesi analipo chilengedwe cha kampani latsopano, bungwe, gulu malonda, zinthu (semina, zokambirana, maonekedwe, misonkhano, etc.). mbali chabwino cha zotsatirazi:

- cheni cha polojekitiyi anafotokozedwa, koma zovuta kudziwa quantitatively, popeza kuti amalandira kuti kusintha dongosolo;

- nthawi ya nyengo kuphedwa ndi zakonzedwa pasadakhale;

- kutali zedi chuma allocated;

- ndalama za mapolojekiti amenewa ndi imvera ulamuliro dongosolo loyenera pamaso pa dzuwa la awo kukhazikitsa amafunika kudzudzulidwa kale yofuna.

Features ntchito zachuma

Gulu la mitundu ya ntchito zimasonyezanso chuma. Cholinga chake ndi kukonzanso ogwira ntchito, anthu wamba, ziŵalo, kusintha kwa malamulo miyambo, ndondomeko msonkho ndi zina ali motere .:

- Powafotokozera chachikulu zolinga chisanadze komaliza kuti zikhoza kusintha m'kupita kwa kukhazikitsa;

- kukhazikitsa ntchitoyi ngati n'kotheka, komanso munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu za izo nthawi zambiri zopanda;

- pafupifupi anatsimikiza ndi ndalama, koma mwatcheru ndipo mosalekeza kuunikira.

Zochita za ntchito chikhalidwe

ntchito Social umalimbana kuthetsa mavuto enieni chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo penshioni, chitetezo, anthu onse a zotsatira za mavuto chikhalidwe ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Pali zitsanzo zina. Pali gulu osiyana ntchito chikhalidwe, koma zonsezi nkhani wamba:

- zolinga zafotokozedwa ambiri, koma iwo amakonzedwa, Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe ziyenera Pankhaniyi zimavuta ngati chitukuko, iyende ena wapakatikati;

- nthawi okwana ndipo nthawi sangakhoze zodziwika bwino, kotero naonso ali ndi chibadidwe probabilistic;

- ngati kuli kofunika kuonetsetsa chuma polojekiti Komabe, mmene angathere.

Kumachitika kwambiri ndi chimodzimodzi mtundu wa ntchito.

ntchito zomangamanga

Iwo ali oyanjana ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala atsopano (mtundu, mtundu, yomanga). Features mwa zotsatirazi:

- zodziwika bwino cholinga chachikulu chapamwamba, ngakhale munthu boma kukhazikitsa monga akhoza mwachindunji;

- nthawi, akamaliza deadlines ndi zodziwika bwino pasadakhale ndiponso ambalemekezedwa kutali zedi, koma kusintha si lilibe;

- Ndalama zimene zawonongedwa bwino anakonza;

- zofooka mu kukhazikitsa ntchito ndi mapulani ake okhudzana, makamaka, kuti malire a mphamvu kupanga.

Mono-, multi- ndi Mega-ntchito

Gulu la ntchito angathe kusiyanitsa mitundu zotsatirazi wa iwo: a Mega-ntchito, Mipikisano ntchito ndi monoproekty.

Monoproekty akuimira kusodza umodzi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, mitundu ndi mtundu. Multiproject - zovuta kumvetsa zikutanthauza umembala ake monoproekty ochepa. Pomaliza, Mega-ntchito ndi chandamale pulogalamu chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi zigawo. Amakhala mono- angapo ndipo multiprojects.

kuchuluka kwa ntchito

Monga mukuonera, ndithu mutu waukulu "gulu la ntchito ndi maganizo awo." Kupitiriza Kuwulura, chitani gulu lotsatira maziko a. Mukhoza kusankha megaproject ndi yaing'ono (mini-ntchito). Gulu Pankhaniyi ikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. buku Small zazing'ono, ndi dongosolo losavuta, ali ochepa ophunzira. Chakuti pamene ndi pokhazikitsa angapo simplifications:

- munthu akuchita ntchito kugwirizana;

- Management gulu mamembala ali mosinthana malinga polojekitiyo

- ndandanda zophweka kwambiri kukhazikitsa;

- membala aliyense wa gulu amadziwa ukulu wa ntchito ndipo ntchito;

- polojekiti zipangizo osewera yemweyo (gulu), amene anayamba ntchito pa izo zikugwira chitukuko, mapulani, kenako kapangidwe.

Features megaprojects

Megaprojects kuimira chandamale pulogalamu. Iwo zigwirizana wa kuchuluka ang'onoang'ono omwe cholukanalukana ndi amaphatikizidwa ndi cholinga wamba nthawi ndi chuma. Mapulogalamu amenewo akulimbana kungakhale yapakati-dera, dera, yapakati-m'makalata m'makalata, mayiko ndi mayiko. Zafika mamiliyoni a madola ndalama zawo, ndi zina zambiri. Mgwirizano anapanga dongosolo amenewa pa milingo intergovernmental akunja. zaka 5-7, ndi zina zambiri angakhale nthawi ya kukhazikitsa awo. Osati mwangozi kuti ife apeza iwo, kuwulula nkhani monga gulu la ntchito. mtundu uwu wa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ndi zovuta, chifukwa kumafuna kulingalira zinthu zambiri.

Mbali zotsatirazi chibadidwe iwo:

- kukhalapo kwa ojambula zithunzi zosiyanasiyana kuti amakhazikika mu osiyana mitundu ya ntchito, kutanthauza kuti pali kufunika agwirire zochita zawo;

- mokakamizidwa chonse cha zinthu ndi zachuma za kukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchitoyi mu malo makamaka pa nthawi inayake;

- Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mu gawo osiyana mfundo zake za chitukuko;

- pomwe pa magawo osiyanasiyana a kukhazikitsa dongosolo choyambirira ntchito;

- kusunga ake kulunjika wapadera ndi;

- kuti akhale mapulani osiyanasiyana chifukwa kukhazikitsa - onse ntchito ndi wofunika

- mokakamizidwa kulembetsa chilengedwe probabilistic zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana ndi chiopsezo;

- zonse kuwunika kwa ntchitoyo, komanso pomwe a zanyengo.

Gawo ndi nthawi

Poganizira nkhani "gulu la ntchito ndi maganizo awo", tisaiwale kuti nthawi iwo akhoza kugawidwa mu lalifupi, sing'anga ndi yaitali.

Yochepa (zaka 2), yodziwika ndi chakuti kasitomala ndi chidwi akamaliza mofulumira ntchito izi, kotero iye anali wofunitsitsa kuwonjezera mtengo wake weniweni. Maximally yafupika pamene malipoti, ndi mlingo wa kampani nawo ntchito, ntchito kukhazikitsa zophweka kwambiri a zithunzi pa munthu ndi udindo, ndi kusintha kukhazikitsa ndi kochepa. Ntchito medium- ndi yaitali mulibe zizindikiro zimenezi.

mfundo za polojekiti

Ndi zinthu zambiri zokhudza Kuvuta cha polojekiti. Pakati pawo - kufunika kwa mkulu khalidwe kuphedwa ake, mitundu yochepa ya chuma (nthawi, ntchito ndi chuma), etc. amatha kusiyanitsa zinthu zotsatirazi :.

- kamangidwe zolembedwa;

- maofesi kupanga;

- maofesi kupanga;

- luso ntchito ndi kupanga;

- zamakono zipangizo;

- misonkhano, ntchito mankhwala, amapangidwa.

Malinga amene khalidwe ali ndi ntchito, pali ena ndi mwatsatanetsatane magawano pamwamba.

Kupereka zinthu za polojekiti ndi awa: zachuma, zipangizo, anthu ogwira (ogwira), chipinda ndi malo malo zosiyanasiyana mapangano zosiyanasiyana, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zimene zimachititsa kukhazikitsa ndi chitukuko.

ntchito Investment

Investment pafupifupi onse ntchito, chifukwa ambiri a iwo amafuna ndalama ndalama, mwachitsanzo ndalama. Mu mabuku kusanthula ntchito ndi mapulani ndalama, zikutanthauza zovuta amakampani zogwirizana amene umalimbana kukwaniritsa mipherezero yeniyeni ya nyengo yochepa ya nthawi. Gulu la ntchito ndalama akhoza kuchitika pa malo osiyanasiyana: pamlingo wa ndalama za, zolinga, mlingo wa chiopsezo, mlingo wa interconnectivity, mawu. Makamaka, ang'ono ang'ono ndalama allocated, chikhalidwe, lalikulu ndi mega-.

Mu US ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi zinayenera ntchito anthu ang'ono amene Mtengo zosakwana 300 zikwi. Madola. Avereji (mwinamwake otchedwa chikhalidwe) ndi phindu 300 zikwi. Mpaka $ 2 miliyoni .. ntchito yaikulu - okhawo amene ali njira ndi ndalama madola oposa 2 miliyoni. Pomaliza, Mega-ntchito - mayiko kapena mitundu mapulogalamu chandamale kuti kuphatikiza angapo ntchito ndalama kuti ndi cholinga wamba. mtengo awo ranges ku madola 1 biliyoni.

Mu mchitidwe Russian zachitika gulu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, pamene tsiku mpikisano zigwire chuma centralized ndalama, ukhalabe mtengo oposa 50 miliyoni madola amaonedwa lalikulu.

Gulu la ntchito yophunzitsa

Iwo akhoza kukhala munthu ndi gulu. Motero, aliyense wa iwo ubwino angatsutse. Palinso wapadera ntchito njira, amene anapereka m'munsimu gulu. dongosolo la maphunziro, nzeru ndi luso amene anapeza pa ndondomeko wodzilamulira pokonza ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito ndi ophunzira - ntchito zothandiza, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka kwambiri.

N'zotheka ntchito yophunzitsa gulu:

- kuchuluka kwa zinthu;

- thematic m'madera;

- chiwerengero cha asangalatsi;

- nthawi kukhazikitsa;

- kufunika zotsatira.

Onse a iwo, mosaganizira mtundu, wapadera ndi inimitable, umalimbana zolinga zenizeni, amafuna mgwirizano ntchito yapakati-zokhudzana zocheperapo nthawi.

Ntchito pa zovuta kumvetsa kungakhale yapakati-nkhani ndi monoproekty. Recent ikuchitika akuno mmodzi kapena nkhani maphunziro. Interdisciplinary imagwiridwa kuyang'aniridwa ndi akatswiri ochokera zosiyanasiyana za nzeru kunja maola sukulu.

Ndi chikhalidwe cha ojambula awo akhoza kugawidwa mu mayiko, dera, ndipo kwapakati pa-vnutriklassnye. Monga ulamuliro, woyamba awiri anapangidwa kwa ntchito telefoni, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamakono ndi Internet.

Ngati ife monga maziko mosavuta ntchito ya ophunzira, mitundu otsatirawa akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka:

- ndi kusodza mchitidwe wokonda;

- Research;

- zambiri;

- zilandiridwenso;

- udindo.

Pankhani nthawi, tingaone:

- mini-ntchito kuti zikugwirizana ndi phunziro limodzi Kapena gawo yake;

- yochepa, anaikira makalasi 4-6;

- ntchito mlungu uliwonse omwe amafunika maola 30-40 muwone osakaniza m'kalasi ndi owonjezera curricular mitundu ya ntchito, komanso madzi akuya mu iwo, zinthu zimene iwo mulingo woyenera mtundu wa bungwe ntchito pa polojekitiyo

- yaitali (kwa chaka chimodzi), onse gulu ndi munthu (monga ulamuliro, iwo akutsatiridwa kunja zachilendo maola ntchito).

A zosiyanasiyana ntchito

Gulu la ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti, monga inu mukuona, akutsatiridwa osati Mabwana ndi asayansi. Ambiri a ife anakumana nawo ntchito zawo akatswiri mu aphunzitsi makamaka. Ophunzira, ndi njira, ndi kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsidwa ntchito "kuchita pa nkhani ya polojekiti ...". Izi zidzathandiza zinthu tsogolo lawo akatswiri. Project wakuti akufuna ndi mphunzitsi kapena osankhidwa nokha, nthawi zambiri ankaona ngati kumaliseche kapena Kupenda pepala.