Kubadwa Kwatsopano - ndi ... ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano: chikhalidwe, luso

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano, umene unayamba mu Italy kotala loyamba la m'zaka XV, anatembenuza dziko akale, kusintha kosatha. Kumasulira kwa French kapena Chitaliyana "Kubadwa Kwatsopano" - ndi "kubadwanso", omwe amagwirizana ndi chitsitsimutso cha luso la miyambo yakale. Kubadwa Kwatsopano - yojambula lalikulu la anthu, palibe chikaiko. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iwo unalengedwa zodabwitsa za kupenta, zosemasema ndi zomangamanga. Alembereni (ndi lofalitsidwa) mabuku kwambiri. Zinthu za namatetule anthu, olengedwa mwa ambuye wotchuka zakale, kupitiriza kusangalala mpaka ndipo sadzataya kosangalatsa.

wowopsa Ages Middle

Amaona odziwika bwino mfundo kuti Kubadwa Kwatsopano m'malo Zapakati, amene anali, mwachizolowezi, mdima, ndithudi, kwambiri, ndi yodziwika ndi zosiyanasiyana nkhanza achipembedzo - ndi kusaka anamva zonse. Pali malo kuti kungonena kuti chifukwa cha machenjerero woipa wa Mpingo wa Katolika ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali ikuchepa.

Mu gawo, view ino ali ndi ufulu kulibe, koma nkomwe nyota atsogoleri achipembedzo ndondomeko uli waukulu. Chabe anthu evolves mu m'zinthu, aliyense zisinthe, kenako anachita, ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali poona njira yovomerezeka, makamaka pamene ambiri maganizo ake anali alendo ndi mbuli, wosalolera miliri zambiri anthu a nthawi imeneyo. N'zovuta kwambiri kudzudzula munthu wa khalidwe lake la Mulungu, iye osauka, yozungulira, ndipo ali mu mkhalidwe zonse mantha.

Mpingo monga phata la chitukuko

Olemba mbiri ena mlandu Ages Middle zoyenera zosiyanasiyana analakwira anthu, ngakhale pamene zimenezi si zoona. Mwachitsanzo, ena amanena kutenga ufulu kunena kuti Ages Middle sanali kukhala sayansi. Komabe, zambiri zamakono mayunivesite European anaonekera pa malo obisika kale (Oxford) kapena kudzera mwa atsogoleri (Sorbonne).

Palibe mfundo kumakana kuti pafupifupi onse maphunziro unali Mpingo wakale (ndipo anapitiriza kukhala choncho kwa zaka zambiri). Izi mosavuta anafotokoza kuti: apamwamba kuchuluka anthu pulayimale kulemba anaikira mu atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndipo ngati - ndiye amene kuphunzitsa ndi "wopanda nzeru anzawo", koma Chimonko ndipo atsogoleri ena?

Chitukuko cha chitukuko mosalekeza. Tiyeni anthu nthawi zina amayenera kutenga sitepe, koma chikhalidwe cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano sibwenzi zinachitika mu mawonekedwe imene ife tikudziwa izo, ngati icho chinali anadutsa njira yaminga mu mdima wa Ages Middle. Choncho, akulu ntchito zolembalemba sanakabadwire, ngati iwo unachitika ndi zaka zakubadwa ntchito yokha ambiri (amene ntchito timawatcha folklore yekha mayina awo sitikudziwa). Ngati panalibe Knight akale poetics, ndi chodziwikiratu kuonedwa ndi "The Divine Comedy" Dante Aligeri, ndi sonnets wa Petrarch.

mbewu ayenera kugwera pa nthaka yachonde

Kutsutsa nyengo yapita anatsatira - osati zoonadi. Voltaire ankanena kuti nkhani - ndi nthano amene anavomera. N'kosatheka kuzindikira choonadi cha ndemanga iyi zoseketsa. Mbiri ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, chodabwitsa zovuta m'zigawozigawo, sangatheke kutanthauziridwa unambiguously. Pali Mabaibulo ambiri kufotokoza chochitika chapadera m'mbiri ya anthu, ambiri amene ali ndi ufulu kulibe.

Amalembedwa kusukulu chikhulupiriro kuti Kubadwa Kwatsopano ojambula zithunzi mwadzidzidzi anapeza chikhalidwe wakale ndi limodzi adayamba samutsanzira, kuti ukhale wozindikiridwa ngati zojambula ndi. Ndipotu, zitsanzo za ntchitoyo ndikachoka Agiriki ndi Aroma luso, ntchito yaikulu ya olemba wakale lamasuliridwa Ulaya, kuyambira m'ma VIII, koma palibe Kubadwa Kwatsopano osati zimagwera zaka zambiri eyiti.

Inde, kugwa kwa Rome Chachiwiri (Constantinople) mu 1453, pamene gulu aluso mantha Muslim (osati) anathamangira ku West, anatenga izo laibulale, zithunzi, ndi (Chofunika) akudziwa, zatenganso mbali yaikulu. Pomaliza, chikoka cha luso Byzantine mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano mosakayikira. Tiyeni Mpingo wa Chiroma anakana zithunzi, koma iye zinamera kumunda ena. Chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu ndi wotchuka "Sistine Madonna" ndi Michelangelo ndi kusiyana konse - onse ukadaulo ndi kudzazidwa ndi - ndi chithunzi cha mkazi chimodzimodzi ndi mwana yemweyo.

The confluence a zinthu zinkawayendera

Chitsitsimutso anapangidwa zikomo zotheka kwa confluence a zifukwa zambiri ndi zifukwa, mmodzi amene kwenikweni kuti Kubadwa Kwatsopano - mtundu wa zimene Mpingo wa Katolika, amene chikoka pa nthawi imeneyo kunali chuma chambiri - osawerengeka, ndi kufuna mphanvu - losakhutiritsidwa. Zimenezi wafunsira kuukira wamphamvu okhudzidwa: amene kawirikawiri kusangalala chiphunzitso chankhanza, ndi Kwalamulidwa muzochitika zones za moyo wa moyo wosasangalala. Munthuyo anali kuti nthawi zonse amamva pa Vishny (kukhala osagwirizana) mphamvu zotheka kugwa aliyense mphindi pa iye, chilango cha machimo awo. Zofunika mpingo woyera mwake ndi umunthu yokha.

Chinthu chachiwiri, ndithudi, ndi mapangidwe mofulumira boma. Adziko mphamvu, kupeza ufumu coherent ndi chuma ndithu kuti atsogolere anthu ake, si wofunitsitsa concede m'manja mwa mphamvu yauzimu. Zitsanzo za kusiyana achiwawa pakati pa mpingo ndi mafumu amphamvu - sizachilendo mu mbiri. Mmodzi wa iwo, Kubadwa Kwatsopano alitcha imfa yake.

Chifukwa chachitatu mwina chakuti Kubadwa Kwatsopano - nthawi pamene zachikhalidwe mosangalala kusiya obisika, kumene iye anatsekeredwa kwa zaka zambiri, ndi kuika mu kukula mofulumira ndi kunadetsa wolemera mizinda. Aakulu mbalume kupereka ojambula zithunzi kulemba momwemo ndi sakanachita phunziro kwa zofooka ndi zina zotero. D. sangasankhe anasangalala ndi anthu moona luso. Iwo anafuna ufulu, iwo ali nacho icho.

Chachinayi, mkhalidwe wofunika kwa kubadwa kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, anali ndi ndalama amakayikira mmene zingamvekere. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa kuti muli masiku amenewo Italy oyamikira ana ngongole chakuti panali kalembedwe chachikulu ichi. Kubadwa Kwatsopano anabadwa osati mu umphawi. Chiphunzitso kuti chithunzicho ayenera kukhala ndi njala, ndi untenable. Onse Kubadwa Kwatsopano - umboni. Mlengi ayenera sapeza - choncho ayenera malamulo, mawailesi ndi danga ntchito luntha lake.

wodala Florence

Zonse izi zimapezeka mu Florence, ndipo chifukwa chomaliza koma osati chosafunikira kwa mkulu wa mzinda - Lorenzo Zazikulu. Pabwalo anali blistatelen olemekezeka. The amisiri kwambiri luso, Osema ndi mapulani akupezeka Lorenzo odalirika woyang'anira. Mu mzinda anamanga nyumba zachifumu zambiri, mipingo, matchalitchi komanso ntchito mapulani. Amisiri analandira malangizo ambirimbiri.

Tinganene, ndi kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu za Kubadwa Kwatsopano, koma ena ofufuza monga wina - otchedwa Protorenessans akadali kugwirizana ndi Zapakati, koma zimatengera pa latsopano, wodzazidwa ndi mbali kuwala. Chimodzi mwa zochitika kwambiri chidwi nthawi yomanga Florence Cathedral (XIII m'ma) - maofesi kwambiri ndi Interiors zodabwitsa.

oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Pambuyo "chisanadze mankhwala" pa siteji ndi Early Kubadwa Kwatsopano: zaka za chiyambi ndi mapeto a nthawi azambiriyakale kuitana wokongola chimodzi - kuchokera 1420 kwa zaka 1500. makumi asanu ndi atatu zinatengera kuti lichotse malamulo okhwima malinga ndi mpingo, ndi cholowa cha makolo ulemerero. Nthawi imeneyi, oyerekezera zitsanzo wakale umakhala waukulu. Images wa matupi amaliseche anthu ndi chinyezimiro chikondi cha minofu zing'onozing'ono ndi mitsempha yodziwika ndi watsopano, sakudziwika kwa Catholic Europe kalembedwe. Kubadwa Kwatsopano anakhala nyimbo weniweni kukongola kwa dziko lapansi, amene nthaŵi zina anaimba mitundu ina zoonekera, zimene horrify omvetsera zimene ena zaka zana ndi makumi asanu zapitazo.

Sitingathe kunena kuti mumaganiza izi aona kumvetsa m'mibadwo onse anali omenyana odzipereka ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano, umene kudzera mwa ntchito zake m'munda wa obscurantism anafika ulemerero n'ngwokayikitsa wosatha. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi mutu wa agulupa Florence Republic - Savonarola. Iye anali wotsutsa osatha wa "khalidwe loipa" zaumunthu ndipo sanazengereze kuwotcha mankhwala, choncho sankasangalala. Pakati zomvetsa irretrievable - Zojambula angapo ambuye wotchuka wa chi, kuphatikizapo Sandro Botticelli. manja ake a chotero zojambula wotchuka wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, monga "Kubadwa kwa Venus" wa, "Spring", "Khristu chipewa chaminga." Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pafupifupi onse kupulumuka zojambula za wolemba zoyenera mfundo za m'Baibulo ndipo munthu masiku ano sakumvetsa kuti iwo akhoza kusokoneza Republic kwambiri.

Komabe, njira linayambika ndipo zinali akanatha kusiya izo. Savonarola anafa 1498, ndipo chitsitsimutso anapitiriza kuyenda mu dziko, kugonjetsa mzinda watsopano - Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples.

Mwa oimira kwambiri chidwi ndi khalidwe la Kubadwa Kwatsopano oyambirira ziboliboli Donatello otchedwa, amisiri Giotto ndi Masaccio. Nthawi imeneyi, ndi chithunzi anali woyamba ntchito malamulo a imeneyo, Tsegulani m'ma XV. Zimenezi zinathandiza kenako kulenga atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena chithunzi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano - ichi kale palibe kwa ojambula.

Kamangidwe ka vekitala chitukuko zina wochititsidwa ndi Filippo Brunelleschi, kupanga mzikiti zazikulu za Santa Maria del Fiore.

mkulu Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Pachimake cha chi inali nthawi yachitatu ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano - High Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Zinatha zaka 27 zokha (1500-1527) ndipo amagwirizana kwenikweni ndi ntchito ya ambuye wamkulu, amene mayina awo ali bwino kuti aliyense wa ife: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo ndi Raphael.

Panthawi imeneyi, likulu chikhalidwe Europe anasamuka ku Florence kwa Rome. The watsopano Papa Julius II (anakwera mpando 1503) anali munthu wosiyana, ndi admirer kwambiri luso ndi mwini ali ndithu n'ngozindikira. Ngati si chisomo cha munthu wauzimu, anthu osati aona ntchito zambiri luso lomwe imatengedwa ngale ya dziko chikhalidwe cholowa.

The ambuye yabwino yochitira chilemba cha namatetule, kulandira malangizo ambirimbiri. City Povunduka ndi kumanga. Mapulani, Osema ndi ojambula zithunzi ntchito limodzi (ndipo nthawi zina "aligning udindo"), kulenga ntchito zawo wosafa. Panthawi imeneyi, anazilenga ndi kuyamba kumanga tchalitchi cha St. Peter - wotchuka kwambiri ndi odzitukumula kachisi wa Chikatolika.

The kupenta nyumba ya Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo anapanga dzanja lake, ophatikizapo lonse tanthauzo, ubwino ndi kukongola, amene anatipatsa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ojambula zithunzi, amene asankha pakatikati pa thambo wake, munthu (inde, zilembo zazikulu): mulungu wokhalapo, mlengi, omwe kumapezeka pafupifupi malire.

Popeza zonsezi zifuma ku mathero

Mu 1523, Papa anakhala Clement VII, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuchita nkhondo ndi Mfumu Carlos V, kupanga otchedwa Coniacian mgwirizano, zimene zinaphatikizapo Italy mzinda-limati wa Florence, Milan, Venice ndi France. Papa sanafune kugawana mphamvu ndi banja lolamulira la Habsburg ndipo amayenera kulipira Wamuyaya City. Mu 1527 asilikali Charles V, nthawi yaitali sanapatsidwe malipiro (Mfumu kuwononga pa nkhondo), choyamba anazinga ndi ndiye anadzasokoneza ndipo anagonjetsa Rome m'nyumba zake ndi akachisi. mzinda waukulu ochepa, ndi High Kubadwa Kwatsopano zinatha.

Encyclopedia Britannica limati monga wathunthu lothandiza mbiri ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, zana (1420-1527) amene analamulira mu wodala Italy, zinatha. Amene samagwirizana ndi drafters za chikwatu chotchuka kwambiri mu dziko, anakuitanani nthawi, imene inayamba 1530, malemu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi simungakhoze mnzathu, ndi pamene inatha. Pali mfundo mokomera 1590s ndi 1620s, ndipo ngakhale 1630s, koma nkomwe ena obwera yotsalira zizindikiro za nthawi imeneyo.

lothandiza alibe

Pa nthawi imeneyo, zochitika chikhalidwe ndi yosiyanasiyana, pali mumaganiza amene ankaona kuti kuwonekera kwa mavuto ndi alibe mu luso (monga Florence Mannerism). Iwo amakhala ndi pretentiousness ena, mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri, maganizo ake pa "lingaliro la chithunzicho" zizipezeka ku bwalo yopapatiza ya connoisseurs. Chosema, zomangamanga ndi kupenta nyumba ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano amene ankakhala timangokhalira kufunafuna mogwirizana anagwetsa kugwedeza chilengedwe whorls wosatha ndi mitundu wokhala chibadidwe za zinthu latsopano zojambulajambula.

Komabe, pamene tikukamba za chionongeko chomaliza cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano oyambirira. M'mizinda Italy ndi ojambula zithunzi akadali moyo wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, okhulupirika miyambo kwambiri. Choncho, Titian kwambiri, sipangakhalenso ankamuona ngati woimirira yowala ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ntchito ku Venice mpaka 1576.

Nthawiyi, Italy ndi Europe kubwera pa nthawi yovuta. Potsatira Sindingachite mu Middle Ages ufulu kuti kunabweretsa nthawi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, anadza zimachitika kwambiri. Kuwasintha ndi Office Woyera anatenganso impso mu manja awo. Pa madera anatentha moto - moto wakunyeketsa ndi ampatuko, ndi ntchito zawo.

Linanyeka pafupifupi mabuku onse anapanga latsopano Papa Paul IV mu Roma "Index oletsedwa" (kusanachitike mndandanda ofanana zinasindikizidwa mu Netherlands, Paris ndi Venice). Kuthi inquisitors anali kwambiri, chifukwa mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano anabwera makina osindikizira - kumapeto kwa XV m'ma Gutenberg anatha kulenga loyamba kusindikizidwa Baibulo. walengeza achikunja anamwazikana humanists ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kumene, anthu ambiri, koma abambo oyera anali nacho chinachake chochita.

Mbiri yakale amati kuzunza kwa chipembedzo mu Italy anali kwambiri ankhanza Europe - chilango chankhanza kwa zaka ufulu ndi kukongola.

Kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano - mmodzi wa zochitika za Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Nthawi zambiri, pamene tilankhula za Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kumbukirani Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano - chodabwitsa anali kubadwa ndipo anafika pachimake pano. Lero, mu Italy, mzinda wonsewo tinganene kuti monga zipilala za zomangamanga, kupenta ndi chosema cha chi.

Komabe, pakati pa Apennines ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano nyengo sanali zochepa. Otchedwa kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano unachokera mu Europe, pafupi ndi zaka za m'ma XVI ndipo anapereka dziko zodabwitsa zambiri. Mbali khalidwe la kalembedwe uyu anali ndi chikoka chachikulu cha akale Gothic luso. Apa cholowa wakale zapatsidwa zochepa chidwi, onse mu Italy ndi ovuta thunthu kusonyeza mphwayi kwambiri. Ndi ndiAmene wa nyengo ya kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi Dürer, Van Eyck, Cranach. Mu mabuku, mwambo umenewu unali wotchuka ndi ntchito za Shakespeare ndi Cervantes.

Mphamvu ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano chikhalidwe sangakhoze anakokomeza: ndi yaikulu. Kumasuliranso ndi zawachitikira chikhalidwe akale, Kubadwa Kwatsopano analenga wake - ndipo Iye anapatsa anthu kuchuluka yaikulu ntchito wachisavundi wa luso lomwe ndithu kusintha dziko limene tikukhala.