Kulankhula vuto - ndi chiyani ichi? Modern kulankhula zinthu

"Kulankhula zinthu" - ichi ndi Cholinga chenicheni cha sayansi lingvopragmatiki kuphunzira ntchito anthu a chinenero zimakhudza perceiver izo (wolandira), komanso khalidwe m'kati kulankhulana kupyolera mu kulankhula.

Kodi zimakhudza khalidwe ndi maonekedwe ake mu izi kapena munthuyo? Iwo likukhalira kuti pali zifukwa zambiri ndi zifukwa zomwe zimatengera. kuphatikiza awo amatchedwa vuto kulankhula.

The Gawo la zinthu zolankhula

Kulankhula ndi vuto kulankhula ndi n'chimodzimodzi. The Gawo zigawo zake: ophunzira kulankhulana ndi ubwenzi wawo, komanso zinthu mkati ndi kunja kulankhulana.

Mmene zinthu zilili ndi kukambirana kukhala ofunda kapena zomveka bwino. Ndi chikhalidwe cha vuto la kulankhulana lagawidwa bizinesi (nkhani malipoti, zokambirana) ndi zoweta (pokambirana ndi banja lanu, anzanu). Pa mapangidwe a wolandira ndi chiwerengero cha ana, ntchito ndi chibwenzi kukambirana pakati pawo. chiwerengero cha ophunzira anatsindika monologue (ndi munthu mmodzi), kukambirana (kukambirana pakati pa anthu awiri) ndipo polylogue (a kukambirana pakati pa ophunzira angapo).

Cholinga anathamangitsa ndi zinthu zilili - muchiyanjano ngati (zosangalatsa), uthenga (zambiri) kapena mphamvu (zokopa, zolinga kufotokozera, etc.).

zigawo Secondary za moyo kulankhula

Kuphatikiza pazifukwa izi zazikulu kulimbikitsa zolankhula, mbali yake, komanso khalidwe wapakamwa gulu akulumikizana m'modzi amatha kusiyanitsa komanso monga mlingo wa remoteness pamagulu kulankhulana wina ndi mnzake, mlingo wa womdziwa (muli amatha kusiyanitsa kulankhula mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina, mwachitsanzo , telefoni ndi kulankhula atolankhani), pamaso amasangalatsa ndi ena. Koma zinthu izi ndi sekondale, monga kuyenera zofunika, kapena zigawo, zinthu kulankhula zinthu.

Taganizirani mwatsatanetsatane za Gawo lomwe lili ndi kulankhula zinthu, mitundu ndi makhalidwe a lililonse.

zipangizo

Zilinso osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa. m'mlengalenga Official ndi amtengo wapatali kwambiri malamulo, lopatsidwa kulankhula zinthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ena - anthu - kuimira zofuna za mabungwe osiyana malamulo (mabizinezi, Makampani), komanso kuti iwo akhale mmalo awo pa misonkhano malonda ndi zokambirana.

kulankhulana Official chimachitika wapadera chipinda utumiki - phwando, ofesi, msonkhano chipinda, etc. Zingakhalenso kwapakati pa-kudutsa pa misonkhano yampingo, matabwa a Ngopambana (malonda protocol kulankhulana) ...

Zofunikira za mawu abwino mu malo ofunda

zinthu Official zikusonyeza kuti amafuna malamulo zogwirizana abwino khalidwe chabe. Njirazi ndi monga:

- Lamulo amgwirizano Kudandaula "inu" ku mbali ina, kulibe kanthu kwa m'badwo ndi gulu chikhalidwe iwo ali;

- mosamalitsa ndondomeko ya malamulo amakhalidwe abwino chimango kulankhulana (moni muyezo ndi farewells);

- kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya ulemu, zodyera Kwalamulidwa ( "chonde," "ndiloleni ine ...", "ngati inu chonde," etc ...).

chilengedwe Official amafuna kugwilizana ndi zofunika ophunzira mu mawu kulankhulana - sayenera m'gulu slang, kulumbira, mawu wamba ndi chilankhulo.

amafuna Special kulibe ponena za katchulidwe ka mawu. Ayenera kutsatira mtundu mabuku a katchulidwe, kulankhula bwino, bwino. Ndi zosavomerezeka kulankhula mofulumira, kulingalira, mosasamala motsatira izo. M'pofunika kunena kuti, mwachitsanzo, [kada] ndi [kagda]; osati [zdrast'e] ndi [zdravstvuyt'e].

Nyimboyi zofunika pa okhwima zoyankhulana ofunda ayenera kukhala osamala, chete, ndi zochepa kuyeza zofunikira ochezeka chete, wochezeka.

M'mlengalenga mwamwayi Ndi mmene nkhani, misonkhano malonda kunja ofesi, zikondwerero zochitika pachaka, kulankhulana tsiku ndi tsiku mu timu. The interlocutors kumva womasuka kwambiri posankha mawu osiyana zikutanthauza kuposa malo ofunda. Ndiko kuti, kutsatira malamulo ofanana ndi malamulo a khalidwe mawu, kuti ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.

Zofunikira za mawu abwino mu Chingelezi

Pankhaniyi, pali zambiri ufulu malamulo:

- Ntchito Kudandaula "inu" kapena "inu" malingana ndi zaka, mlingo wa womdziwa ndi interlocutor malo;

- kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a kutsanzikana ndi wolandiridwa;

- kugwiritsa ntchito zofuna zodyera amachepa.

Komabe, ngakhale zofunika zochepa kuyeza kusankha mawu zabwino kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo lexical, amene osavomerezeka ntchito pamene pali kukhala mkulu kulankhula zinthu.

N'chimodzimodzinso ndi malamulo a katchulidwe.

Digiri ankadziwa gulu ndi determinant yaikulu ya khalidwe wapakamwa mu Chingelezi. Pokambirana ndi alendo kapena alendo chagwiritsidwa zoona, zofunika womwewo wa ulemu, monga kulankhulana boma. Ngakhale pali "wakunjayo" (kasitomala, mlendo), anthu amene ali naye m'chipinda chimodzi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a kulankhulana boma.

ulamuliro Izi sizikhudza okha ogwira ntchito oyang'anira tauni ya udindo uliwonse (m'madipatimenti ndi mautumiki antchito). Kwa iwo, kulankhulana boma akhale yekha mtundu kulankhulana malonda (zinthu mawu, malingaliro ndi mokoma zimachitika mu phunziro ili kusintha). Nthumwi za akuluakulu ndi zosavomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito malo mwamwayi ntchito. Kudya pamtima "inu" pamene ntchito musalole mabwenzi okhwima masanjidwe.

addressee

kopita chinthu n'kofunika kwambiri polankhulana malonda kuposa chikhalidwe chake. Ichi ndi munthu amene analankhula (imatsogoleredwa) Kalankhulidwe ya woyankhula (a sender). Kuyambira, pa kulankhulana ndi udindo ubale uliwonse kumupha sender zimadalira kusankha njira ndi kulankhula machenjerero zodyera.

Mwachitsanzo, mbali zimene kasamalidwe akuyendera, envisages Ngopambana pa zokhuza chikhalidwe chawo, monga:

- mwamphamvu (bungwe) utsogoleri ntchito;

- zake asapita kunja kupanga;

- zosiyanasiyana malonda ubale.

Pamene zimavuta ndi "mutu" - "kapolo", "Mlengi" - "ogula", "Mnzanga" - "bwenzi", bwana kapena woyang'anira formulates Mthandizi mfundo zina, zochokera amene anamanga vzaimodestviya, kukhala njira zawo.

chandamale kolowera

Iwo anapanga pa maziko a mfundo kulankhulana amasankhidwa mtsogoleri m'munda umenewu. Modern kulankhula zinthu ndi patsogolo apamwamba amaona mfundo za Kuyankha ubale msika, kugwirizana - mu mgwirizano ndi kufanana - mu kumalo a ntchito.

ulemu mfundo ndi chilengedwe. Komabe, pali mwayi wosankha lonse njira kulankhula, ntchito zomwe zingakhale zosiyana zoopseza. Mwachitsanzo, pamene inu kulankhula ndi wofunika kwambiri kusankha muyezo ndi mtundu wa ndine wapamwamba wa munthu amene mukulankhula.

Wokondedwa Vasily Vladimirovich!

Wokondedwa Bambo Kirillov!

Wokondedwa Igor O.!

Malangizo kopita chuma chawo mwa mawu (kudzera kusankha mawu) ndi popanda mawu n'komwe (ntchito kamvekedwe kusankha).

udindo Social ndi chuma chawo

udindo Social anatsimikiza cha anthu, malonda, mmene ndalama, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mu mwambo Russian kulankhulana malonda si anatsindika kusiyana jenda, mwachitsanzo mkazi ndi mwamuna ndi udindo womwewo chikhalidwe kulandira madalitso ofanana.

Kwa zaka zambiri, boma Soviet wapanga mwambo otchedwa pietetnogo pempho olamulira. Kuyambira atumiki ndi anthu ena ndi udindo m'munsi nthaŵi zambiri fawning, nthawi zina servility. Akamaona za chikhalidwe zochitika zamakono kulankhula makamaka iwo amaganizira akuluakulu, koma maganizo a akuluakulu nawobe kwambiri. Pokambirana, akuwerengedwanso ngati zikayenda munthu ndi zoyenereza za addressee lapansi.

udindo Social ndi chuma chawo si nthawi zonse mwamalunji. Nthawi zambiri m'nthawi yathu ubale msika pali vuto kumene anzanga oimira mabungwe mwachibale kwa ufumu (monga wocheperapo ndi kampani kholo).

Udindo wapamwamba ndiko muyezo zofunika kwambiri kudziwa zoyembezereka kulankhula, amene wapangidwa ndi interlocutor lapansi. Motero, chiyembekezo kwa atumiki mkulu - ulemu, molondola, khama, kulemekeza, ndipo nthawizina - zothandizira mipingo yawo. Kuphwanya mfundo za makhalidwe ndi wapakamwa waukali, akufuna kunyamula zolakwa zake likuvutika ku bungwe wamng'ono. Mwatsoka, izo Dziwani kuti zolephera ndi zimene a atsogoleri adakali ndi malo kukhala m'dziko lathu.

Kulankhula zodyera vuto angakhale osiyana, koma kulankhulana ndi kapolo "pa mawu ofanana" - chofunika ndi kuti alenge ubwenzi komanso cohesive timu angathe bwino kukhalapo mu msika mpikisano.

Mosiyana, zokhuza chikhalidwe chawo, kulankhulana - ndi zimasintha. Tengani kukambirana zonse: kulankhula zinthu zingasinthe - mmodzi yemweyo kungakhale addressee, addressee kapena amatsata.

sender

Zodyera zinthu kulankhula kwenikweni kumaphatikizapo sender lapansi. Sender - ndi Mlengi, amene adapanga ndi kukambirana. Kulankhulana zinthu akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kungakhale wokamba kapena wolemba). Kumene, ndi udindo tactically zaphindu monga sender amapereka mayendedwe, kamvekedwe, nkhani ya kulankhulana. Kawirikawiri, zikuyamba kulankhulana ndipo iyeyo ndi akumaliza. Komabe, izi sizitanthauza kuti wolandila amatenga malo chabe. Kulankhulana kumafuna nawo yogwira magulu onse. Ingawapangitse ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndege chidole "kumene", "inde", "ngati ine inu, molondola ..." "Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi mukuganiza ...", etc. ndi mawu amenewa akhoza kukakumana mawu a sender lapansi. kanthu kusintha maudindo anyamata.

Akuona, oddly chokwanira, izi ndi nawo mbali mwachangu kulankhulana malo kuyambira, ngakhale nawo kukambirana, komabe iye bwanji ntchito yake.

Kukhalapo mu chipinda pamafunika mlendo nkhani kwapakati pa ntchito anathana posachedwapa.

Choncho, monga taonera pamwambapa, ophunzira chabe kulankhulana malonda kulibe, kulankhula zinthu imalongosola aliyense wa zipani ndi nkhani yogwira. Malinga psycholinguists, mwatcheru kwambiri nzeru tima ndondomeko kuposa kulankhula. N'chifukwa chake sukulu ndi yunivesite chamayendedwe womangidwa kuti yopuma, ndi mphunzitsi odziwa amadziwa kuti when're phunziro, vuto kulankhulana kulankhula ayenera kuti azipumira lalifupi kusunga kukhudzana ndi omvera.

Kuyenera anatchula mfundo yofunika motani munthu-zotengera malingaliridwe chinthu ubwenzi kulankhula. Ndipotu polankhula tilibe chabe kugawana nzeru, koma kuperekanso malingaliro athu kwa izo. Kwakukulukulu amasankha zochita za interlocutor pa makhalidwe athu. Mwachitsanzo, phunziro (kulankhula zinthu, zomwe ife basi anafotokoza) ayenera idzachitika kuti achititse chidwi cha ophunzira chidwi chawo, osati popereka mauthenga. Ichi ndi chofunika kwa ophunzira monga chiyenera aphunzira nkhaniyo. maphunziro ndi kulankhula zinthu zikusonyeza kufunika chinthu munthu mu ndondomeko kulankhulana.

cholinga

Mipherezero kungakhale kofunika zingamuthandize. Mwachitsanzo, mu kulankhulana malonda zolinga zikuluzikulu ali anazindikira mu mapulani co-ntchito. Kumanga zaphindu asapita ntchito n'chotheka pamaziko a mtima mwagwirizana zabwino -. Ndiko, kukhulupirirana, ulemu, amakondwera, etc. N'chifukwa chake kuitanidwa anatumiza mapwando osiyanasiyana, Zabwino, zikomo zolemba, chisoni, ndi zina.

Nenani pa udindo wa kopita (mtundu wina wa mipherezero) pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni, maimelo, maulendo fax, mndandanda mtengo, akalozera, ndi ena.

Malamulo, malangizo, malangizo, madongosolo, madandaulo, amanena, mapemphero m'kamwa ndi zolembedwa kumeneko ndi cholinga kulimbikitsa munthuyo, kumunyengerera iye kuti achite chirichonse.

Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti zinthu pamwamba amaphatikizidwa mu lemba limodzi (chitsanzo, kalata-pempho, kuyambira ndi uthenga pa udindo wa pempho ndi kutha).

zochitika zosiyanasiyana kulankhula, pali ambiri, koma wina akhoza kuona zizindikiro zawo lililonse kuthandiza kuyenda mu kusankha zipangizo mawu kulankhulana kukwaniritsa cholinga ichi. ziwalo ndi kuliika m'dera la kulankhulana malonda zolankhula (msonkhano, zokambirana malonda, foni kulankhulana, etc ..) Ndipo kulemba (kalata malonda, mgwirizano ufulu, ziphatso ndi ena.