Kulemba chidziwitso cha Aigupto akale. Magawo chitukuko chinenero. Zamoyo of Medicine ndi Science

Chitukuko chimene chinagwera m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Nailo zaka zoposa 4,000 zapitazo, amasunga kwambiri zinsinsi. zinthu zabwino m'dera, wofatsa nyengo anathandizapo pa chitukuko m'banda nthambi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ndi luso. Kulemba ndi chidziwitso cha Aigupto wakale - phunziro la kafukufuku asayansi ambiri padziko lonse. Malemba oyamba chiwerengero cha zilipo zidalengedwa padziko 3000 BC. e., kenako kusanduka ndipo zipilala za luso ndi mbiri. Chabwino, tayang'anani pa iwo mwatsatanetsatane ndi adzamvetsa ndi zimene zinsinsi anasiya chitukuko wakale.

Zikhulupiriro General wa chinenero ndi luso

Zonse zomwe ife tiri nazo lero za Egypt, analandira chifukwa cha zofukulidwa zinthu zakale zimene zinapezedwa. zikalata zosiyanasiyana anakonza anapezeka zinenero akufa. Iwo ankachita chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti zaka. Iwo mfundo zokhudza mbali zonse za moyo mkati mwa chimango cha chitukuko ichi, kuyambira ndi malamulo ndi utumiki mpingo, mathero maphikidwe kuphika. Iwo likukhalira kuti kulemba ndi nzeru za Aiguputo akale, amene tikhoza kuphunzira tsopano inextricably zogwirizana. Decrypting malamulo a anthu awa, tikhoza kutsegula kwambiri zinsinsi zake. Chifukwa mbiri ya kulemba timayamba ndi kugawa mu nyengo zinayi zikuluzikulu.

Nthawi yoyamba: hieroglyphics

Ancient kulemba Aigupto anaonekera mu nthawi chisanadze dynastic, pamene boma lokha kunalibeko. Komabe, milungu ndi ansembe a anthu awa anali wopatulika ndi inviolable nthawi zonse, ndipo kuyamika maganizo amenewa "Ambuye wa dziko," Aigupto anapangidwa choyamba kulemba kachitidwe kawo. Hieroglyphics ku Egypt anali wosiyana kwambiri Chinese masiku ano Japanese. Izi zithunzi anali akuda (lero ife kuwapeza monochromatic chifukwa cha mmene akuwononga nthawi), amene akuonetsedwa zinthu, zochitika, anthu. Mwachidule, anthu ankaganiza zimene anaona, ndi kusintha pang'ono zinthu. Kulemba zilembo angakhale aliyense malangizo - kumanja kupita kumanzere kapena mosinthanitsa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Chinthu chachikulu ndi zotsatira anali wokongola.

Nthawi ziwiri: ieratika

The nthawi imene ulamuliro wa Egypt kumagwirizana ndi Greece ndi Ufumu wa Chiroma. Kuwonjezera pa kufotokoza akatswiri ankhondo, zinenero kuloŵerera zinachitika. Kulemba chidziwitso cha Aigupto akale systematized kudzera zilembo, wochokera ku Ulaya wakale. Panali yoyamba ya kalembedwe ka kulemba - ieratika. Ndiye chinenero chatsopano mabuku analipo yekha zonona za anthu, ndipo analemba malemba opatulika ndi zikalata zaboma.

Mbali yachitatu ya chitukuko: m'chinenero

Kumayambiriro kwa Nthawi kuloŵerera zachitika anthu a ku Egypt. Iwo anasefukira Aluya amene anabweretsa miyambo, zikhulupiriro, ndipo, ndithudi, chinenero. Pakati pa anthu onse a zigawo izo unakhala wotchuka mtundu wachibadidwe latsopano kulemba - m'chinenero, zomwe maonekedwe akufanana ndi Arabic ano. Pa ndi kuvumbitsira zikalata anthu, kugawana mabuku, biographies, ndi memos. Komabe ieratika adakali kalata boma la dziko ndi ntchito polambira ndi ulamuliro.

Nyengo chachinayi: Chikoputiki

Ichi ndi gawo lotsiriza mu chitukuko cha chinenero ku Egypt ndi script, amene m'malo m'chinenero. Mosiyana akalambula zake, Chikoputiki anali zilembo zake kalata, m'njira zosiyanasiyana katchulidwe, kalembedwe, Kuwonjezera syllables ndi mawu pa chiweruzo. Mu njira zambiri, zimenezi zikufanana ndi Chigiriki, koma Atate wanga adzaupereka kwa Afro-muthu banja chinenero. Kulemba chidziwitso cha Aiguputo akale, amene ikukhudzana bwanji ndi nthawi kale, asayansi anatha kumvetsa kokha kupyolera kalembedwe ka Chikoputiki. chilankhulo Izi ndi akale Aiguputo anawamasulira zikalata ndi nkhani za makolo awo. Mpaka m'ma 19, chinenero Chikoputiki anamugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo ndipo patapita kale akufotokozera kagulu ka akufa.

Piramidi - ndi zapamwamba zinsinsi

Chidziwitso cha Iguputo ankakhala maziko sayansi yamakono. Palibe mitundu kotero si patsogolo monga chonchi, ndipo mu gawo lirilonse la dziko pa nthawi imeneyo sanali monga zapamwamba dongosolo kunyumba. Ndi m'mabuku, amene anali mu maofesi awa, ife tikupeza athanzi choyamba. Amanenera mmene kuchiritsa zoopsa ubongo choipa, utoto, zimene zitsamba atichiritsa ku matenda ena. Aiguputo ankadziwa zimene nyenyezi mu mlengalenga, chifukwa iwo amaoneka usiku ndi kumene kutha masana. Komanso, wakale masamu Iguputo - izi ndi zimene taphunzira sukulu lero. Buku kanjedza, chiŵerengero cha misa ndi magawo a aone kuti pali ndi kuwombera osadziwika - izo kupangidwa ndendende mu Nile Valley.