Kusinthidwa wa plastids - chodabwitsa wamba mu dziko la zomera. Plastids: kapangidwe, ntchito

Chimodzi kusiyana waukulu pakati pa zomera ndi nyama maselo ndi kukhalapo mu cytoplasm organelles woyamba monga plastids. Kapangidwe, makamaka njira zawo kagayidwe kachakudya, komanso chromoplasts chloroplasts mtengo ndi leucoplasts ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kapangidwe ka chloroplast ndi

Green plastid dongosolo limene ife tsopano tione ikukhudzana bwanji ndi organelles kuvomerezedwa maselo a spore ndi mbewu zomera apamwamba. Iwo dvuhmembrannymi organelles foni ndipo chowulungika mu mawonekedwe. chiwerengero chawo mu cytoplasm angakhale osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, maselo columnar fodya tsamba parenchyma mbale ali mpaka zikwi chloroplasts ku mapesi a zomera banja monga chimanga ku 30 mpaka 50.

nembanemba onse ali mbali ya organelle ndi, ndi nyumba osiyana: lakunja - yosalala, atatu wosanjikiza, ofanana Kakhungu ambiri zomera maselo. Internal zizindikiro kuchuluka kwa makutu, wotchedwa lamellae. Izi pafupi lathyathyathya m'mapaketi - thylakoids. The lamellae kupanga zopezera tubules yomweyi. Pakati lamellae ndi thylakoids-maselo. Iwo pamodzi stacks - nkhope kuti akhoza cholukanalukana. chiwerengero chawo wina chloroplast - 60-150. The lonse mkati M'mimbamo ladzala ndi bokosi la chloroplast lapansi.

Organelle ali zizindikiro za kudziyimira pawokha: mwini majini zinthu zake - zozungulira DNA, imene chloroplasts akhoza kuchulukitsa. Komanso pali chatsekedwa akunja Kakhungu zikuthamangathamanga ndi organelle mwa njira kunachitika cytoplasm lapansi. Chloroplasts ndi ribosomes awo ndi tizidutswa RNA ndi tRNA, ndipo motero, luso lithe mapuloteni.

ntchito thylakoids

Monga tanenera kale, plastids chomera maselo - chloroplasts, muli mu zikuchokera chapadera sacs flattened otchedwa thylakoids. Iwo anapeza inki - chlorophylls (nawo dzuwa) ndi carotenoids (thandizo ntchito ndi ntchito trophic). Palinso dongosolo enzyme, zimene amapereka kuwala ndi mdima gawo la dzuwa. Thylakoids ntchito monga tinyanga: zimalimbana cheza kuwala ndi kuwatsogolera ku wotchedwa chlorophyll molekyulu.

Photosynthesis - ndondomeko waukulu chloroplasts

maselo Autotrophic amatha lithe zinthu organic, mu shuga makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya woipa ndi mphamvu ya kuwala. Green plastid ntchito zimene tikuphunzira, ndi mbali ya phototrophic wa - zamoyo multicellular, monga:

• zomera apamwamba spore (ndere, horsetails, kalabu ndere, Mumapezekanso);
• mbewu (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye ndi angiosperms kapena zomera maluwa).

Photosynthesis - dongosolo la zochita makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa, zomwe ndi zochokera elekitironi ndondomeko kusintha kwa zinthu woperekayo kuti mankhwala "kuzindikira" iwo, otchedwa acceptors.

zochita zimenezi zimachititsa kuti kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu organic, mu shuga makamaka, ndi kulekana kwa mpweya maselo. Gawo kuwala kwa dzuwa limapezeka pa nembanemba thylakoid pansi zochita za mphamvu ya kuwala. The photons odzipereka chimwemwe ma elekitironi kuwala mankhwala enaake a maatomu ali pigment wobiriwira - chlorophyll.

The elekitironi mphamvu ntchito mphamvu yambiri kaphatikizidwe zinthu ATP ndi NADP-H2. Iwo anagawa selo kwa zochita mdima gawo zikuchitika mu masanjidwewo wa chloroplast lapansi. Kuchotsedwa motero kupanga kumabweretsa mapangidwe tinthu shuga, amino zidulo, glycerol ndi zidulo mafuta, zimene maselo nyumba ndi chuma, trophic.

mitundu ya plastids

Green plastid kapangidwe ndi ntchito zomwe takambirana kale, ali mu masamba, zimayambira, ndipo zobiriwira si mtundu wokha. Mwachitsanzo, mu khungu la chipatso, mu pamakhala wa maluwa zomera ku chimakwirira lakunja othamanga mobisa - tubers ndi mababu, pali plastids ena. Iwo amatchedwa chromoplasts kapena leucoplasts.

organelles colorless (leucoplasts) ndi akalumikidzidwa osiyana ndi wosiyana chloroplasts kuti patsekeke wamumtima alibe mbale woonda - lamella, ndipo chiwerengero cha thylakoids ophatikizidwa mu masanjidwewo yaing'ono. Masanjidwewo yokha zizindikiro deoxyribonucleic acid, ndi puloteni-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes ndi michere proteolytic kuti kuphwanya mapuloteni ndi chakudya.

Leucoplasts nawonso michere - synthetase nawo mapangidwe tinthu shuga wa wowuma. plastids Choncho colorless la zomera maselo amasonkhana m'malo zakudya: pellets mapuloteni ndi wowuma chimanga. plastids Awa ndi ntchito za kudzikundikira zinthu organic akhoza lidzasinthidwa chromoplasts Mwachitsanzo pa yakucha wa tomato, mu siteji ya chikapsa lactic.

Mu chindodo maso ndi chikalata mkulu, kuoneka bwino kusiyana kapangidwe ka mitundu itatu plastids. Izi makamaka zikukhudza chloroplasts ndi kapangidwe zovuta kwambiri kugwirizana ndi ntchito ya photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids mtundu

Pamodzi ndi wobiriwira ndi colorless mu chomera maselo pali lachitatu view organelles otchedwa chromoplasts. Iwo ali zosiyanasiyana mitundu: achikasu, wofiirira, wofiira. kapangidwe ndi yofanana ndi leucoplasts: nembanemba mkati ali ochepa lamellae ndi ochepa thylakoids. Chromoplasts muli inki zosiyanasiyana: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids othandiza photosynthesis zinthu. Ndi plastids izi kupereka mtundu wa mizu Beet, kaloti, zipatso, mitengo ya zipatso ndi zipatso.

Monga kumeneko ndi plastids matanthauzo losandulizika

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - ndi plastids (kapangidwe ndi ntchito zimene timaphunzira), ndi magwero ofanana. Iwo anachokera ku meristematic (yophunzitsa) minofu, amene anapanga protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles wa ku 1 micron. M'kuunika, iwo kusokoneza akuphatikizapo: nembanemba mkati aumbike munali lamellae, ndipo apanga ndi wobiriwira pigment chlorophyll. Protoplastidy kukhala chloroplasts. Leucoplasts komanso zikhoza kusinthidwa pansi zochita za mphamvu ya kuwala kwa plastids wobiriwira, ndiyeno chromoplasts. Kusinthidwa wa plastid ndi - ndi chodabwitsa ambiri mu dziko la zomera.

Chromatophores ngati akalambula wa chloroplasts

Prokaryotic phototrophic zamoyo - mabakiteriya wobiriwira ndi lofiirira, photosynthesis ndondomeko imagwiridwa ntchito bacteriochlorophyll A amene mamolekyulu imakonzedwa pa mkati cytoplasmic outgrowths Kakhungu. Microbiologists mukukhulupirira chromatophores mabakiteriya akalambula plastids.

Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi yawo inali yofanana ndi chloroplasts dongosolo, ndicho pamaso pa malo anachita ndi machitidwe svetoulavlivayuschih ndi zotsatira ambiri photosynthesis, zikubweretsa mapangidwe mankhwala organic. Tikumbukenso kuti zomera m'munsi - wobiriwira algae, komanso prokaryotes, ndi plastids. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti maphunziro hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores analanda ntchito zawo - photosynthesis.

Kodi chloroplasts

Pakati pa malingaliro ambiri chiyambi cha plastid ndi kuganizira symbiogenesis. Malinga ndi maganizo ake, plastids - maselo (chloroplasts) amene anali nyengo Archean chifukwa malowedwe a choyambirira selo heterotrophic mabakiteriya phototrophic. Iwo kenako zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa plastids wobiriwira.

Mu pepala ili timaphunzira kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya organelles chomera selo dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts ndi chromoplasts. Ndi kupeza phindu pa ntchito foni.