Kwambiri refractory zitsulo. Zochita za zitsulo

Zitsulo - ichi ndi chuma ambiri (pamodzi ndi mapulasitiki ndi galasi), amene ntchito ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ngakhale zili choncho, munthu ankadziwika makhalidwe a zitsulo, anagwiritsa ntchito mwayi katundu wawo wonse kulenga ntchito wokongola luso, glassware, katundu wa m'nyumba, zomera.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu mu kulingalira zinthu zimenezi ndi kuuma awo ndi mfundo mkulu kusungunuka. makhalidwe amenewa amakulolani kuthandauza kuchuluka kwa ntchito zitsulo. Choncho, timaona thupi katundu zonse ndi chisamaliro chapadera wapatsidwa nkhani kusungunuka.

thupi katundu zitsulo

zitsulo khalidwe thupi katundu tingasonyezere mawonekedwe mfundo akuluakulu anayi.

1. Sheen zachitsulo - zonse ndi za yemweyo siliva woyera wokongola khalidwe luster, kuwonjezera mkuwa ndi golide. Iwo ndi mafunde wofiira ndi wachikasu, motero. Kashiamu - siliva buluu.
2. boma thupi - onse olimba m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, kupatula Mercury, umene uli mu mawonekedwe a madzi.
3. Zamagetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe - Ndi mmene zitsulo onse, koma chimaoneka amakhala osiyana.
4. Malleability ndi ductility - komanso amagwera zitsulo onse chizindikiro chimene chingathe kuti zosiyanasiyana malinga nthumwi makamaka.
5. Limatsogolera ndi kuwira mfundo - Mzimuyo amene refractory zitsulo ndi mfundo otsika kusungunuka. chizindikiro Izi ndi zosiyana zinthu zonse.

katundu zonse thupi anafotokoza mwa dongosolo wapadera wa kophimba zitsulo. makonzedwe ake okhudza malo, mawonekedwe ndi mphamvu.

zitsulo Fusible ndi refractory

Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri pankhani malo a ntchito mankhwala. zitsulo Refractory ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo - ndi maziko a luso lopanga ndi shipbuilding, yadothi ndi kuponyera zinthu zambiri zofunika, kupeza ntchito chida chabwino. Choncho chidziwitso cha kusungunuka ndipo kuwira kutentha n'chofunikira ofunika.

Pofotokoza zitsulo mphamvu, mukhoza kugawanitsa iwo mu zovuta ndi Chimaona. Ngati ife kulankhula za refractoriness, apa kusiyanitsa magulu ziwiri:

1. Fusible - ndiwo anthu amene angathe kusintha mkhalidwe thupi pa kutentha m'munsimu 1000 ° ^C. Zitsanzo malata, kutsogolera Mercury, sodium, cesium, manganese, nthaka, zitsulo zotayidwa ndi ena.
2. Refractory iwo amene limatsogolera kutentha ndi apamwamba kuposa phindu kutchula. Pali ambiri, koma kuchita ntchito ngakhale zochepa.

Table zitsulo ndi mfundo limatsogolera pamwamba 1000 ^{° C,} ndi anapereka m'munsimu. Icho chiri apo ndi anakonza oimira ambiri refractory.

Izi zitsulo tebulo oyimirira onse amene limatsogolera kutentha ndi apamwamba kuposa ^{1000 °} C. Komabe, mu kuchita, ambiri a iwo ntchito pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha ubwino zachuma chifukwa mpweya wa poizoni kapena digiri yapamwamba kwambiri fragility, kukhudzana ndi kuukira zikuwononga.

Komanso pa gome n'zoonekeratu kuti zitsulo kwambiri refractory mu dziko - ndi tungsten. Mlingo wotsikitsitsa golide. Pamene akugwira ntchito zitsulo ndi zofunika softness. Choncho, ambiri mwa chitsime tatchulazi ntchito zolinga luso.

Ambiri refractory zitsulo - Tungsten

Mu tebulo nthawi iyo ili pansi pa nambala ordinal 74. dzina The lachokera ndi dzina la sayansi wotchuka Stephen Bambo Wolfram. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi olimba refractory zitsulo silvery zoyera. Iwo ali kutchulidwa zachitsulo Sheen. Mankhwala pafupifupi inert mu zimene akulowa monyinyirika.

Mu chikhalidwe, mu mawonekedwe a mchere uli:

• wolframite;
• scheelite;
• Gyubnera;
• ferberite.

Asayansi atsimikizira kuti tungsten - kwambiri refractory zitsulo zonse. Komabe, pali malangizo amene seaborgium theoretically akhoza kumenya umboni wa zitsulo izi. Koma ndi chinthu nyukiliya ndi kakafupi aliko. Choncho, kutsimikizira izo si koma n'zotheka.

Pa kutentha ena (pamwamba 1500 ^C) tungsten amakhala ductile ndi malleable. Choncho, nkotheka kuti apange waya woonda pa zifukwa zake. Mundawu ntchito kupanga filaments mu zonse mababu kuwala m'nyumba.

Monga zitsulo kwambiri refractory amene angathe kupirira kutentha ^oposa 3400 C, tungsten umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda zotsatirazi zipangizo zamakono:

• monga elekitirodi ndi kuwotcherera pansi argon;
• kwa asidi-kudya, kuvala zosagwira ndi kutentha zosagwira kasakaniza wazitsulo;
• zimabweretsa Kutentha;
• machubu zingalowe monga filament ndi zina zotero.

Kupatula zitsulo tungsten, ankagwiritsa ntchito luso, sayansi ndi zamagetsi mankhwala ake. Monga zitsulo refractory mu dziko ndi ndipamene pawiri ndi makhalidwe kwambiri khalidwe: cholimba, kugonjetsedwa pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya kanthu mankhwala, sali pansi dzimbiri, komabe otsika ndi mkulu kutentha (Nkhata, tungsten sulphide, timibulu ake limodzi ndi zinthu zina).

Niobium ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo

Chidziwitso, kapena niobium, - m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa zasiliva woyera yosalala zitsulo. Iye alinso refractory, monga kusintha kutentha kwa boma madzi iye ndi 2477 ° ^C. Ndi khalidwe limeneli, komanso kuphatikiza kwa reactivity otsika ndi superconductivity amalola niobium kwayamba kutchuka kwambiri pa ntchito yothandiza anthu chaka chilichonse. Lero, zitsulo ichi ntchito m'mafakitale monga:

• Roketi sayansi;
• Azamlengalenga makampani;
• mphamvu nyukiliya;
• mankhwala zida yomanga;
• wailesi zomangamanga.

Zitsulo lofotokozabe ake katundu thupi ngakhale pa otsika kutentha kwambiri. Nkhani zofotokoza yodziwika ndi kukana dzimbiri, kutentha kukana, durability, madutsidwe kwambiri.

zitsulo izi anawonjezera kuti zipangizo zotayidwa kusintha kukana mankhwala. Kuyambira iwo udzabala cathodes ndi anodes, izo doped ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo sanali akakhala. Ngakhale ndalama m'mayiko ena kuchita ndi nkhani za niobium.

tantalum

Zitsulo, mu ufulu mawonekedwe m'mikhalidwe wamba wokutidwa ndi filimu okusayidi. Zikuyenera ya thupi katundu amene amalola kuti anthu ambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. makhalidwe Aika ali motere:

1. Pa kutentha pamwamba ^za 1000 C amakhala superconducting.
2. Awa ndi pambuyo zitsulo refractory wa tungsten ndi rhenium. Limatsogolera kutentha ndi 3017 ° ^C.
3. Mwangwiro zimatenga mpweya.
4. Popeza n'kosavuta ntchito monga adagulung'undisa mu zigawo, zojambulazo ndi waya mosavuta.
5. Ali kuuma wabwino ndi Chimaona, akuzisunga ductility.
6. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri wothandizila mankhwala (si kupasuka ngakhale Aqua regia).

Chifukwa makhalidwe anatha kupeza kutchuka monga maziko zambiri zazitali kutentha ndi asidi kugonjetsedwa, dzimbiri zosagwira kasakaniza wazitsulo. mankhwala ake ambiri kupeza ntchito sayansi ya nyukiliya zamagetsi, kompyuta zipangizo dongosolo. Iwo ntchito monga superconductors. Poyamba, tantalum ntchito monga mchitidwe mu filament. Tsopano malo ake anatengedwa ndi tungsten.

Chromium ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake

Mmodzi wa zitsulo chovuta mu mawonekedwe zachilengedwe ndi bluish zoyera. limatsogolera mfundo n'chozama kupitirira kuti ankaona mpaka tsopano zinthu ndi ^za 1907 C. Komabe, akadali ntchito luso ndi makampani lonse, komanso amenable zinthu mwamwambo, kukonzedwa ndiponso kuumbidwa.

chromium wofunika kwambiri monga napylitelya. Amanena za nkhani kuwapatsa kudzawala wokongola, chitetezo dzimbiri ndi kusintha avale kukana. ndondomeko imatchedwa chrome plating.

chromium kasakaniza wazitsulo ali otchuka kwambiri. Chifukwa ngakhale wochepa zitsulo izi aloyi ndi zayamba kumawonjezera kuuma ndi kukana kuti zotsatira za masika.

zirconium

Mmodzi wa zitsulo zodula kwambiri, choncho ntchito mafomu luso ndi zovuta. Komabe, maonekedwe kupanga mwachidule irreplaceable m'mafakitale zina zambiri.

M'mikhalidwe zachilendo, wokongola siliva woyera zitsulo. Iwo ali mfundo zokwanira kapena mkulu limatsogolera - 1855 ^C. Iwo ali kuuma wabwino, kukana dzimbiri, popeza mankhwala yogwira. Komanso akusonyeza biocompatibility kwambiri ndi khungu ndi lonse chamoyo. Izi zimapangitsa chitsulo wapatali ntchito mankhwala (zipangizo, ziwalo, ndi zina zotero).

ofunsira Main wa zirconium ndi mankhwala ake, kuphatikizapo kasakaniza wazitsulo, motere:

• mphamvu za nyukiliya;
• pyrotechnics;
• alloying zitsulo;
• mankhwala;
• bioposudy kupanga;
• structural chuma ;
• ngati superconductor a.

Zirconium ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ngakhale zokongoletsa anapangidwa pa maziko ake, angathe kulimbikitsa kusintha thanzi la munthu.

molybdenum

Mukaona zimene zitsulo kwambiri refractory, kuwonjezera pa tungsten anatchulidwa ndi molybdenum angatchedwe. limatsogolera ake kutentha ndi 2623 ° ^C. Choncho n'kovuta ndithu, ductile ndi chopindulitsa.

Ndi ntchito makamaka sali mu maonekedwe choyera ngati yofunika zikuluzikulu za kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi. Iwo, chifukwa kukhalapo kwa molybdenum kwambiri analimbitsa mu avale kukana, kutentha kukana ndi anticorrosion.

Ena mankhwala molybdenum ntchito ngati kondomu luso. Komanso, izi ndi doping zitsulo nkhani imodzi zimakhudza mphamvu ndi anticorrosion, amene ali osowa kwambiri.

vanadium

Gray zitsulo ndi luster silvery. Iwo ali mlingo mwachilungamo mkulu wa kusungunuka (1920 ° ^C). Ndi zimagwiritsa ntchito monga chothandizira mu njira zambiri chifukwa inertia ake. Mphamvu ntchito mu mankhwala gwero panopa mu kupanga zidulo zochita kupanga. Kufunika chachikulu si koyera zitsulo, ndicho zina mankhwala ake.

Rhenium ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake

ndi zitsulo kwambiri refractory tungsten pambuyo chiyani? Iwo rhenium. limatsogolera ake mtengo ^za 3186 C. Pakuti ndi mphamvu zoposa ndi tungsten, ndi molybdenum. Plasticity si kwambiri. Kufunika kwa rhenium ndi lalikulu kwambiri, koma kupanga ndi kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, ndi zitsulo zodula kwambiri lerolino.

Izo ntchito kupanga:

• injini ndege;
• thermocouples;
• filament thonje kwa spectrometers ndi zipangizo zina;
• monga chothandizira mafuta kuyenga.

ofunsira onse okwera mtengo, kotero ntchito kokha ngati kufunikira kwambiri, pamene m'malo china chake sizingatheke.

kasakaniza wazitsulo titaniyamu

Titan - ndi opepuka kwambiri zitsulo siliva zoyera, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani zitsulo ndi zitsulo. Zimakhala amaphulika pamene mu mkhalidwe finely wogawanika, kotero ndi ngozi moto.

Izo ntchito mu ndege roketi kupanga yopanga zombo. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala chifukwa cha biocompatibility ndi thupi (ziwalo, piercings, amadzala, etc.).