Ukraine: kunja ngongole - chuma omangika kapena mode aliko?

Ukraine - amtengo kulemera dziko ndi ofunda pozizira, makampani anayamba ndi anthu olimbikira ntchito. Njira yake ndi chiyambi, alibe kumbuyo ngongole anthu. Tikhonza chisoni ndi mfundo, zomwe ngongole kunja kwa Ukraine wakhala anapeza mu 2015.

kuyambira pa msewu

Ukraine anayamba mbiri yake ngati boma palokha mu 1991. Russia anakhala wolowa wa USSR, kuphatikizapo kudzipereka iye anatenga ngongole ya mayiko Union.

Reference "mbiri ngongole" mfundo Ukraine tinganene kuti July 15, 1992. Pa tsiku lino, Verkhovna Rada a boma mtchatho pa ngongole makampani Chiyukireniya kuposa ambiri a iwo anatengerapo mwayi. Monga choncho anakopeka $ 2 biliyoni. Ambiri a ndalama operekedwa Ukraine. The ngongole kunja makampani, tsopano boma si chimatha mpaka tsopano.

Mu 1993, anapitiriza kumanga-ndi ngongole ndipo nditapatsidwa $ biliyoni 3.6. Ngongole oyamba Ukraine walandira mu Russia. Mu maiko atsopano sinali ndalama zake kupezeka anali ruble Russian. Masuku pamutu munakhazikitsa m'chilamulo, Ukraine ndi mwachangu "kusindikizidwa" rubles pakompyuta, kulipira iwo katundu Russian. Kum'mawa mnansi khalidwe ankaonedwa chinyengo, ndipo ndalama zimenezi patapita chokongoletsedwa ngati ngongole chofunika.

Ukraine ndi mabungwe ena azachuma padziko lonse

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1994, Ukraine anayamba kuyang'ana kwambiri mabungwe kukongoza lonse. Kutenga ndalama chofunika kuti mosamalitsa kusunga bwino nkani za ndalama. The kusalankhula umuna ndalama kumapeto kwa 1994 anathetsa. Kubwezeretsanso Bank National kusiyana pulogalamu bajeti ya issuance kumangidwa boma Ukraine. Iwo Mbali anali maturities lalifupi ndi ziwawa chidwi.

Kumangidwa mu 1995 anakwanitsa kugulitsa miliyoni 300 hryvnia mu chaka chamawa kale 1.5 biliyoni. Mwachibadwa, mfundo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mavuto yokonza ngongole. Mu 1995, Russia analemba kuchokera mbali ya ngongole kuchuluka kwa $ 1.1 biliyoni amadwala ndi rescheduling Mavesi cha 1997, pali zingapo zokambirana zina - makamaka, kulandila ndalama kwa nsinga mpweya boma.

The kuchepekedwa bajeti anali mu 1997. Koma kukopa kunja lonse $ biliyoni 1,145 sikunali kotheka - padziko lonse mabungwe a zachuma sankasangalala mayendedwe a kukonza dziko. Kuperewera yokutidwa kudacita - amasulidwe nsinga mkulu-zokolola. Ola aweruze anabwera mu 1999. Boma analephera kubweza chidwi pa chuma, ndipo anapita kubwerezanso mawu malipiro. maturities anali anangolemba ndi kuchepetsedwa chidwi pa ngongole.

Chifukwa chuma cha Ukraine 1999 chinali chaka chovuta kwambiri mbiri yake. The devaluation a hryvnia, ndi mbiri otsika GDP ndi defaults zinachitika mu chaka chino. Ndi 1 January 2000 ngongole dziko totaled $ 12.5 biliyoni, kapena 60% ya GDP. Kuwawonjezera ubwino akavalidwe mtengo zabwino makampani ndi Khimprom kuonetsetsa Ukraine 'm kukula zachuma mpaka 2008. Nthawi imeneyi, ndalama anabwereka pafupifupi sanapange nawo, ndipo ngongole okwana pang'onopang'ono utachepa.

Ukraine: ngongole kunja pa mavuto 2008

Mavuto padziko lonse anagwira Chiyukireniya chuma. Kugonjetsa zolakwikazo ndi IMF anali atagwirizana kukula ngongole ya $ biliyoni 16.5 ndi kukhwima kwa zaka 15. Pa nthawiyi, gasi ndi Russian ndi nkhondo ankakana kulipira mpweya amakakamizidwa Gazprom alipo chakudya mafuta. mavuto anapitiriza mu 2009.

The chithunzi chosonyeza ngongole kunja Ukraine chaka ndi chaka, n'zosavuta zindikirani kuwuka choikidwa zaka 2. Ngati anali $ biliyoni 54, ndi chiyambi cha 2010 nkulu $ biliyoni 103 vutoli zikuchepa analumpha chiŵerengero ngongole kunja kwa GDP ku Ukraine mu 2007 -. Kuchokera 55 85%.

Kuyambira kugwa kugwa

Economic kuchepa anaima 2012, kotala 2 anali ngakhale ena kukula. Mu zaka 2 panali kuchepa kwa GDP ndi 1-2%. chuma zili bwino poopsa, koma chipwirikiti cha ndale mapeto a 2013 - chiyambi cha 2014 anachititsa kuchepa ake mofulumira.

Chiwawa kusintha mphamvu February 2014 zinachititsa kuti zipolowe mu kum'mawa kwa Ukraine. Russia inaimitsidwa kutulutsidwa kwa tranche 2 kuchuluka okwana $ 15 biliyoni, adapangana ndi boma m'mbuyomu. Ukraine, amene kunja ngongole Gazprom anafika kufanana zotukwana, amakhala amakakamizidwa kugula mafuta pa maziko yolipiriratu. Kuyambira n'zotheka kuti apeze ndalama kuchokera Russia anatayika kuti Ukraine.

Boma latsopano likuzifuna thandizo kunja mogwirizana ndi kulekana kwa Crimea ndi nkhondo Donbas - dera amene chopereka kwa GDP anafika 20%. Ukraine, amene kunja ngongole wafika kufanana oopsa, chikanathandiza thandizo IMF. Anathandizidwa, koma ndi angapo mikhalidwe.

Standard ziyeneretso za IMF kumayiko kukodwa mu dzenje ndalama - kuchepetsa ndalama bajeti, kuwonjezeka tariffs kwa anthu, okhwima nkani za ndalama.

Kafukufuku ndi chiyembekezo

mavuto azachuma ndi kuchepetsa wa nkhokwe kuwombola yachilendo anapangitsa devaluation a hryvnia kuti nthawi 3. Service kunja ngongole chipembedzo ndalama US, wakhala mantha ntchito. The ngongole kunja Ukraine, amene malipiro ndandanda akufanana ndi minefield, likuoneka pa mphindi iliyonse kubweretsa dziko la zotsatira. Ngakhale anali wolimba yekha koposa ngongole watsopano.