Language unit. mayunitsi Language chinenero Russian - ndi Chirasha ...

Kuphunzira chinenero Russian akuyamba ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Iwo apanga dongosolo maziko. Monga zigawo ndi mayunitsi zinenero chinenero cha Chirasha. Awa ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za dongosolo chinenero, amene ali inadmissible linagaŵikana msinkhu wawo. Kenako, ife tisanthule mwatsatanetsatane mfundo za umakhala gulu la. Komanso m'nkhani adzapatsidwa makhalidwe a zigawo zikuluzikulu chinenero.

"Akuwaza"

ndi ndizosowa chinenero Russian chiyani? Mu dongosolo la pali kusiyana mu zinthu zokhudzana ndi udindo m'munsi. Pali chinthu monga muyezo chifukwa decomposability lapansi. Izo zimatengera ngati unit chinenero divisible. Decomposability zotheka zinthu zonse anawagawa yosavuta zovuta. Mwa kale mayunitsi indivisible monga phoneme ndi morpheme. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo palinso amene linakwiriridwa nyengo, amene ali pa mlingo wa kuthungo. Main chinenero mayunitsi amaphatikiza magulu a dongosolo.

Gawo

chilankhulo mayunitsi osiyana amaphatikizidwa mu magulu awiri. Woyamba Mzimuyo mtundu wa zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana phokoso. Kwa gulu ili pali zinthu zimene ndi zonse phokoso chipolopolo. Makamaka izi Zina chinenero wagawo monga phoneme ndi mawu, morpheme, ndipo ngakhale kukana. Palinso mtundu ndi chuma. Bwaloli chitsanzo cha yomanga mawu ndi ziganizo, amene kambirimbiri ali ndi tanthauzo zowombetsa mkota. Pali chinthu monga mtengo wa amodzi. Sangaonekerenso kunja mitundu chuma ndi wachibale zakuthupi, monga gawo lawo zamalankhulidwe. Komanso, nkhani mayunitsi chinenero zina ogaŵikana unilateral ndi amgwirizano. Kodi woyamba alibe phindu, iwo okha kuthandiza kulenga envelopu phokoso. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, phonemes ndi syllables. Koma amgwirizano kanthu, nchifukwa chake iwo anafika ponena kuti mwa mayunitsi pamwamba chinenero. Awa ndi mawu ndi ziganizo. misinkhu Language mwina machitidwe zovuta ndi zigawo zawo.

Chirasha

Ndi tanthauzo, dongosolo ndi gulu particles wodziwika bwino chinaonekeranso mwa phokoso mawonekedwe kuti afotokoze maganizo anthu pa mtima. Komanso, iwo ndi njira zolankhulirana ndi kulanda zambiri. Nina Davidovna Arutyunov, Soviet ndi Russian zilankhulo, chinenero ankaona mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa zamoyo wa chikhalidwe. Pa mlingo kunsi kwa dongosolo ndi phonetics, mwachitsanzo phokoso. Pamwamba ndi morphemes kuti mbali ya mlingo m'mbuyomu. Morpheme tichipeza mawu amene nawonso, anapanga malembedwe. Zinenero wagawo yodziwika osati ndi malo ake mu dongosolo zovuta. Komanso amachita ntchito yeniyeni ndipo ali mbali khalidwe la kukonza. Tengani chinenero chimodzi, amene ali pa msinkhu wotsikitsitsa - phoneme. Palokha, phokoso wosachita tanthauzo iliyonse. Komabe, iye interacts ndi zinthu zina zimene naye pa mlingo zofanana, izo limathandiza kusiyanitsa ndi morphemes munthu ndi mawu. Ndi zinthu phonetic ndi syllables. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti phindu si nthawi zonse wolungama zokwanira, asayansi ena sali mofulumira kugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti syllable - yemweyo zinenero unit.

morpheme

Morpheme ankaona mayunitsi zing'onozing'ono chinenero kuti ndi tanthauzo. Gawo lofunika kwambiri la mawu - ndi mizu. Pajatu Mzimuyo tanthauzo la mawu. Koma suffixes osiyana, prefixes ndi mapeto yothandizana tanthauzo lenileni. morphemes onse anawagawa anthu amene amapanga mawu (preformative), ndi amene analenga mitundu ya mawu (otchedwa galamala). Chirasha wolemera zomangamanga amenewa. Choncho, mawu akuti "zofiira" wapangidwa ndi morphemes atatu. Choyamba ndi muzu wa "krasn-", omwe amasonyeza chinthu opatsidwa. The suffix "-ovat-" akusonyeza kuti mbali kumaonekeranso digiri yaing'ono. Ndipo, potsiriza, pa mapeto a "TH" ndiyo jenda, chiwerengero ndi mlandu adapangana ndi adjective chachikazi. Ndi chitukuko cha mbiri ndi chinenero, ena morpheme pang'ono ndi pang'ono kusintha. Mawu monga "khonde", "chala" ndi "likulu" ya kale mbali zambiri. Koma pa nthawi, mfundo izi ophatikizidwa mu muzu limodzi. Komanso, morpheme ntchito ndi phindu zina kuposa panopa.

mawu

Izi wagawo osadalira pa chinenero chimodzi cha kwambiri. Iwo amapereka lingaliro la mutu, phunziro, muzochita zathu ndi katundu ndi mbali ya pempholo. Yotsirizira chingakhale a liwu limodzi. chipolopolo phokoso anapanga mawu kuti ndi chizindikiro phonetic, morphemes (morphological mbali) ndi makhalidwe awo (zamalankhulidwe Mbali). Mu zinenero zonse tinakumana kwambiri ndithu mawu ndi matanthauzo angapo. Makamaka Zikatero lili ndi Chirasha. Choncho, odziwika bwino mawu akuti "tebulo" amatanthauza osati chidutswa cha mipando za thupi mipando, komanso zakudya za maphunziro angapo, komanso mbali ya chilengedwe zachipatala ofesi.

mawu onse m'magulu angapo monga muyezo zosiyanasiyana. Kufalitsa pa makhalidwe kalembedwe gulu ndipamene mbali ya kulankhula. nsinga Derivational kulenga magulu a mawu. Mkati tanthauzo la zinthu izi anawagawa ofanana matanthauzo, otsutsana ndi magulu thematic. History kugawira kwa archaisms, neologisms ndi historicism. Kumbali ya kuchuluka kwa ntchito mawu anawagawa Luso, slang, mawu chilankhulo ndi mawu. Popeza ntchito ya zinthu zinenero mu dongosolo ndi Zining'a akutali ndi mawu pawiri ndi mayina. Zakale, mwachitsanzo, kutchula mawu monga "mfundo kuwira" ndi "mayikidwe dongosolo". Chitsanzo maina pawiri ndi "White Sea" ndi "Ivan".

Mawu ndi ziganizo

Zinenero wagawo, amene anapanga kuchokera mawu amatchedwa mawu. Mapulani, wopangidwa mwa zinthu osachepera awiri kugwirizana ndi imodzi mwa njira zotsatirazi: mayikidwe, kudziletsa kapena adjacently. Komanso, mawu ndi mawu popangidwa ndi iwo ali zigawo za bwana. Koma mawu akuti ndi sitepe poyerekeza ndi chakudya. Pa yemweyo syntactic mlingo wa makwerero chinenero analengedwa ndi kaphatikizidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse. An khalidwe zofunika a zotsatsa - intonation. Izo zimasonyeza chokwanira kapena incompleteness dongosolo la. Kamakupatsani izo ngati funso kapena kuti, ndipo anawonjezera maganizo ochekenera ntchito exclamations.

"Emic" ndi "koyenela" mayunitsi chinenero

Zofunika unit wa chinenero angathe kukhala mu mawonekedwe a zingapo zimene mungachite mu mawonekedwe a umboni kapena zosiyanasiyana zimene mungachite, wotchedwa zosasintha. Woyamba anasankha mawu koyenela monga allophones, allomorphs amitundu morphs. Nalo wachiwiri zimachitika phonemes ndi morphemes. kulankhula wagawo wapangidwa particles chinenero. Awa akhoza zimachitika mawu ndi ziganizo, mawu pawiri, morphemes ndi phonemes. mawu awa tikuuzidwa Pike - American zilankhulo.

Zochita za zinthu zinenero

Pali mumaganiza ambiri mu sayansi, omwe amakhala ndi maganizo osiyana ndi malongosoledwe a mayunitsi chinenero. Komabe, ziribe kanthu zomwe njira kusamalira, inu nthawi zonse kuunikila mbali wamba ndi peculiarities mayunitsi chinenero. Mwachitsanzo, phoneme imatengedwa kalasi mawu ofanana pa maziko a phonetics. Komabe, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu cha zinthu izi ndi chakuti popanda n'zosatheka kudziwa mawu ndi Matupi awo. Morpheme ndi zinenero mayunitsi, amene si amasiyana kudziyimira pawokha syntactic. Mawu M'malo mwake, ali paokha. Iwo ali mawu a maganizo. makhalidwe onsewa ali wamba osati mfundo ina. Iwo ali abwino kwambiri zilankhulo zonse.

Kubverana kukonza

Pakati mayunitsi wa kulankhula ndi chinenero , pali mitundu ingapo ya maubwenzi. Mtundu woyamba amatchedwa paradigmatic. mtundu umenewu umatanthauza chitsutso pakati mayunitsi ndi ili pa mlingo chomwecho. Ubale syntagmatical particles udindo womwewo amaphatikizidwa ndi mzake pa ndondomeko mawu, kapena kupanga zinthu apamwamba mlingo. ubale masanjidwe ofunitsitsa ndi mlingo wa Kuvuta mayunitsi pamene milingo m'munsi ndi m'Mwambamwamba.