Letters: Kodi zilembo ndi katchulidwe ambiri? Zida ndi makalata - kalasi 1

Kulemba anaonekera kalelo. Makalata woyamba anali Sumeri, zinalembedwa pa miyala yapadera dongo mothandizidwa ndi lakuthwa timitengo pang'ono, zinali za nzimbe kapena bango. Pamaso kulemba, matabwa dongo anawakonzera adzaphika mu ng'anjo ndi kuyanika. ANAKULIRA kulemba chitukuko kundu ya dziko yemweyo: choyamba, anthu akuyesera kusonyeza chinachake zofunika kudzera mwa zojambula, ndiyeno anabwera ndi zizindikiro olembedwa, pictograms. mafano awa anali achilendo kwa wina chinenero. Pang'onopang'ono panali kusintha kwa chifanizo chimodzi cha mawu amodzi kwa chitsanzo chithunzi aziwerenga mawu. Penapake cha m'ma XV BC anayamba analemba alifabeti yoyamba, ndipo izo zinachitika ku Foinike. Chisilavo zilembo analamulidwa Cyril ndi Methodius mu 863. Iwo anali opangidwa kuti apange yomasulira mabuku Asilavo Greek achipembedzo. Choncho panali Chisililiki, mayi wa Chirasha, Chiyukireniya, Chibelarusi, ndi zinenero zina Asilavo.

zilembo

Masiku Russian zilembo - izo bwino ndi nthawi ndi bwino ndinaganiza buku la Chisilavo Chakale. makalata onse zilembo imakonzedwa m'njira zodziwika bwino. Okwana pali 33 makalata. mdandanda wa afabeti m'pofunika streamline zambiri, mwachitsanzo, kulemba otanthauzira, mndandanda wa mainsaikulopediya. Kuphunzira zilembo akuyamba kuphunzira, chifukwa zimenezi, muyenera kuliwerenga, ndi kuwerenga zimatheka ndi chidziwitso chonse makalata. Ku pulayimale ndinaphunzira ndizosowa onse: makalata, makalata ambiri ndi zikumveka mawu zosiyanasiyana kumveka ngati kutchula.

The zilembo ndi katchulidwe

Otchedwa zithunzi chikhalidwe, imene phokoso anasankha polemba. chiwerengero chawo zodziwika zilembo, iwo ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi zimene zikumveka. Kulemba mawu ntchito kalata mayina. Pa funso mmene makalata ambiri ndi zikumveka chinenero cha Chirasha, mungayankhe, ngati inu mukumvetsa ndizosowa phonetics.

Unit zing'onozing'ono chinenero ndi omveka bwino, amene palokha sikukutanthauza tanthauzo zamalankhulidwe, iye ananena pa (kupatulapo - mawu ongokhala chimodzi phokoso). Zida ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe ndi kalembedwe. Ndi thandizo lawo, ndi mawu osiyana, iwo analenga chipolopolo phokoso ndipo anachita iwo ofala. Mawu siyana kuchuluka kwa phokoso lochokera zomwe ankalemba, mwachitsanzo: khwangwala-hopper, komanso mndandanda wa phokoso: Keke - doko, ramu - mlamba, nyemba - achinsinsi. mawu osiyana akhoza wapangidwa ndi phokoso yemweyo amene ali mu dongosolo losiyana: chitsamba - hammering, kugona - mphuno. Mu mawu ena kutchulidwa yopanda chilema, koma atalemba makalata awiri: kusamba, Popanga madzi a gamma. Mu milandu, zilembo amanenedwa pang'ono "elongated".

phokoso amapangidwa pa nthawi imene munthu exhales, ndipo anapanga chifukwa kusinthasintha mu mlengalenga pamodzi ndi Mitsemphayi wa m'mphako ya lilime, milomo ndi mano.

malamulo kalembedwe

Pakati pa makalata wogwila Russian zilembo ndi zikumveka omwe ali chitaperekedwa pali chiyanjano ena. Yopangidwa malamulo osiyana ntchito kalata makamaka. Kodi makalata ambiri ndi phokoso aziwerenga mawu a munthu, m'pofunika kumvetsa pa nkhani iliyonse payokha. Pali malamulo zinaphatikizidwa ndi kalembedwe osiyana, ntchito paliponse, cholekanitsa kulemba imodzi kapena ziwiri "N" kalembedwe ka lolondola la za mawu mu muzu wa mawu ndi malamulo ena ofunika a galamala. Onse malamulo n'kofunika Choncho, amafuna mosamala.

The chiŵerengero cha zilembo ndi katchulidwe

Kodi bwino pakati "zikumveka - zilembo" momwe makalata ambiri ndi phokoso, kani, wofanana ngati chiwerengero chawo m'chilankhulo cha Russian, zikuonekeratu mu phunziro la zilembo. kugwilizana Full zimawonedwa. Monga tanenera kale, mu chinenero cha Chirasha, 33 makalata, ndipo chiwerengero cha phokoso motsimikizika kwambiri. Zigawo za alifabeti ndi kutchulidwa ndi 43 phokoso: 37 zilembo ndi 6 mavawelo. Dziwani kuti zilembo kuposa makalata: 21 37, koma za mawu - makalata zosakwana 6 mpaka 10 zikumveka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ena mavawelo kusonyeza awiri phokoso kalata.

Kalata kaŵirikaŵiri mawu olembedwa makalata ambiri, phokoso ambiri, ndiko kuti, kalata imodzi akuimira mawu amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kumamatira" 5 5 zilembo ndi katchulidwe, aliyense kalata mawu akuimira mawu amodzi.

makalata awiri chinenero cha Chirasha sananene ambiri. Makalata amenewa ndi zofewa chizindikiro b chizindikiro B ndi olimba, otchedwa makalata wosalankhula. Iwo ndi mbali ya kulekanitsa khalidwe m'mawu, chizindikiro zofewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kufotokozera kulira kwa softness, limene lili pamaso pake. Ena mawu pa malamulo a makalata olembedwa koma sananene: mtima (mtima ndi kutchulidwa kwambiri), dzuwa (pamene sontse).

Amene makalata kuimira phokoso angapo

Ndi angati za mawu zikumveka ndi makalata chinenero ophunzitsidwa mu sitandade. Ambiri akukumbukirabe mpaka ana tsopano ngati yaing'ono mawu singsong akulengeza mavawelo ndi kuchuluka kwa phokoso limene anafuulira. Mu Russian, ndi phokoso angapo amasonyeza mavawelo zina ndi katchulidwe limene tinenali si mawu amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, kalata "Ine" nthawi zina kutchulidwa mwa phokoso "D" ndi "" kalata "TH" - "TH" ndi "Y" kalata "E" - "D" ndi "a", "E" - "D" ndi "E". Nkofunika kudziwa kuti anthu awiri deta phokoso amasonyeza mavawelo nthawi zonse. Kupanga kusanthula phokoso-kalata, ife mwachindunji phokoso awiri a zilembo nthawi zina. zilembo angati kutanthauza mavawelo ofunitsitsa ndi malamulo chinenero cha Chirasha. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso awiri mavawelo amasonyeza:

• pa nthawi imene mtengo pa chiyambi cha mawu: chinenero, hedgehog, whirligig;
• pa nthawi imene pali pambuyo mavawelo ena: Baiyun, kanyumba, anadya;
• mu mawu amenewa omwe mavawelo ndi zalembedwa pambuyo b b chizindikiro zofewa kapena zovuta: Monkey, Mkuntho, cholumikizira.

Kodi phokoso ambiri amaimira kalata "Ine"? Kalata "J"?

udindo ndi kalata "D" - ufumu. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kalata limodzi ndi monga suffix mu kusanthula phokoso-kalata. Pamene ntchito ngati wothandizira ndi udindo pawiri za mawu phokoso limapezeka udindo wapadera wa kalatayo. Kodi phokoso ambiri ndiponso makalata ntchito mu nkhani iyi unalembedwa mu kusanthula zvukobukvennom. Tisaiwale kuti mawu akuti "uyambe" kalata angagwiritsidwe ntchito kufala kwa phokoso, "ufumu". Kalata akhoza kulembedwa pamaso ndipo pambuyo mavawelo ndi kutanthauza mawu amodzi. Pambuyo zilembo "na-" si ntchito, ndi pamaso zilembo kawirikawiri: Jersey, gull, Jay. Kalata "ndi" nthawi kalata akuimira mawu amodzi. Palibe malamulo apadera malamulo si mu kalata ino.

Kodi makalata ambiri ndi phokoso aziwerenga mawu a munthu anatsimikiza ndi galamala mu Chirasha.