List of Russian zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Ndi angati zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Russia

Nyukiliya sayansi, sayansi chinabuka, anapeza mu 1986 cha mpweya wa poizoni asayansi Becquerel ndi Marie Curie, anakhala maziko osati zida za nyukiliya komanso makampani nyukiliya.

Yambani nyukiliya Research ku Russia

Kale Commission Analandira unakhazikitsidwa mu 1910 ku St. Petersburg, zimene zinaphatikizapo sayansi odziwika NN Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Kuphunzira mpweya wa poizoni njira ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu mkati ikuchitika mu gawo loyamba la nyukiliya chitukuko mphamvu Russia, mu nthawi kuchokera 1921 mpaka mu 1941. Ndiye, watsimikizira zotheka nyutironi adani mapulotoni theoretically m'Malemba kuthekera zochita nyukiliya ndi fission wa ureniamu.

Motsogozedwa ndi antchito I. V. Kurchatova mabungwe a m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana akhala alipire ntchito yapadera pa kukhazikitsa unyolo zimene ureniamu fission.

Pa chilengedwe zida za nyukiliya mu USSR

Ndi 1940, ali anapeza yaikulu zowerengera ndi othandiza zinachitikira, walola asayansi amati utsogoleri dziko ndi mwaukadaulo ntchito yaikulu mphamvu atomiki. Mu 1941, cyclotron choyamba, zomwe zinathandiza kufufuza mwadongosolo malemeredwe a mtima inapita ayoni inamangidwa Moscow. Pa chiyambi cha zida zankhondo anagwidwa Ufa ndi Kazan, ndi ndodo ayenera kupita.

Ndi 1943 kunali zasayansi wapadera wa phata atomiki motsogozedwa I. V. Kurchatova, cholinga chimene anali chilengedwe cha bomba la nyukiliya kapena mafuta ureniamu.

Ntchito mabomba a atomiki ndi United States mu August 1945 ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki analenga chitsanzo cha umwini okhawo a superweapon dziko la motero anakankha Soviet Union mofulumira ntchito kulenga nyukiliya yake bomba.

The chifukwa cha miyeso gulu anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa woyamba ureniamu-graphite riyakitala nyukiliya ku Russia m'mudzi wa Sarov (Gorky Region) mu 1946. Mu mayeso riyakitala F-1 ndi Poyamba anachita nyukiliya kunachitidwa.

Industrial riyakitala kwa nyukiliyazo basi patsogolo inamangidwa mu 1948 ku Chelyabinsk. Mu 1949, mayeso kunachitidwa nyukiliyazo basi mlandu nyukiliya ku chiyeso malo mu Semipalatinsk.

imeneyi inayamba mu mbiri kukonzekera mphamvu m'banja nyukiliya. Ndipo kale mu 1949, kapangidwe ntchito kumanga nyukiliya magetsi anayambitsa.

Mu 1954 mu Obninsk kuti anapezerapo yoyamba (pachiwonetsero) nyukiliya unsembe mphamvu wotsika (5 MW).

Industrial wapawiri-cholinga riyakitala, pamene kuwonjezera popanga magetsi wambirimbiri ndi zida kalasi nyukiliyazo basi, anaikidwa Tomsk (Seversk) pa Siberia mankhwala chomera.

Russian mphamvu nyukiliya: mitundu ya mathanki

mphamvu za nyukiliya Soviet Union poyamba lolunjika pa ntchito makina amene mkulu-mphamvu:

• Ritsa matenthedwe riyakitala RBMK (RBMK); Mafuta - pang'ono Polemeretsedwa ureniamu woipa (2%), anachita retarder - graphite coolant - otentha madzi kuyeretsedwa mwa deuterium ndi tritium (madzi kuunika).
• The riyakitala WWER (VVER) matenthedwe nyutironi unazunguliridwa mu chotengera kuthamanga, mafuta - ureniamu woipa apindula ndi 3-5% mtsogoleri - madzi, komanso ndi coolant.
• BN-600 - kusala nyutironi riyakitala, mafuta - Polemeretsedwa ureniamu coolant - sodium wochuluka. Dziko okha malonda riyakitala wa mtundu uwu. Anaika pa siteshoni Beloyarsk.
• EGP - matenthedwe riyakitala (mphamvu sakanikira kuzungulira) amangogwira ntchito pa Bilibino. Yodziwika kuti kutenthedwa wa coolant (madzi) chikuchitika mu riyakitala yokha. Chimatengedwa ngati unpromising.

Okwana Russia angadwale NPP ntchito masiku ano mayunitsi 33 ndi munkalowa oposa 2,300 MW:

• VVER - 17 mayunitsi;
• mathanki RMBK - 11 mayunitsi;
• mathanki BN - 1 wagawo;
• mathanki EGP - 4 atilakwira.

List of Russian ndi Soviet mayiko NPP athandizira nthawi kuyambira 1954 mpaka 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Cholinga - Pachitsanzo ndi mafakitale. Riyakitala mtundu - AM-1. Anaima 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 (Seversk) Tomsk dera. Cholinga - kupanga zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi, kutentha zina ndi madzi otentha kwa Seversk ndi Tomsk. Riyakitala mtundu - EI-2, 3-ADE, ADE-4, 5-ADE. Pomaliza anaima 2008 pansi mgwirizano ndi United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk 27 (Zheleznogorsk). Mitundu riyakitala - ADE, ADE 1, ADE-2. Cholinga - kupanga zida amasankha nyukiliyazo basi kutenthetsa miyala processing zomera Krasnoyarsk. Siteji komaliza kunachitika mu 2010 pansi mgwirizano ndi United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. Mitundu riyakitala - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 BN-800. AMB 100 anaima 1983, a AMB-200 - mu 1990 kanthu.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. riyakitala mtundu - VVER midadada asanu. Woyamba ndi wachiwiri amasiya. Momwe - panopa.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, mzinda Melekess (Dimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk dera. Mitundu anakhazikitsa kafukufuku mathanki - WORLD SM RBT-6, Bor 60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC 50. Bor 60 ndi VC 50 kubala magetsi zina. Zonse anawonjezera amasiya nthawi. Momwe - siteshoni yekha ndi makina amene kafukufuku. Akuti kutseka - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, anaima 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, kumalo ozizira Zori Murmansk dera. Anayi VVER. Momwe - panopa.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad dera. Anayi riyakitala RMBK-1000 (mofanana mu Chernobyl). Momwe - panopa.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka yoyenda yokha njira m'mphepete. Mitundu ya makina amene - AMB (panopa anasiya), BN ndi anayi EGP. Sewero.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov Kursk dera. mathanki anayi anapereka RMBK-1000. Sewero.
12. 1976. Chiameniya, wa Metsamor, Armenia. kaye mu 1989, awiri VVER wagawo, mchitidwe chachiwiri.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. mathanki anayi anapereka RMBK-1000. Chipika chachinayi anawonongedwa mu 1986, unit kachiwiri anaima 1991, choyamba - mu 1996, wachitatu - mu 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne dera., Ukraine. Atatu mayunitsi ndi makina amene VVER. Sewero.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk dera, mayunitsi awiri ndi VVER-1000 RMBK. Sewero.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv dera., Ukraine. Atatu VVER. Sewero.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (poyamba Ignalina chigawo), Lithuania. Awiri RMBK riyakitala. pa pempho la European Union anaima 2009 (ndi kulowa mu EEC).
18. 1984. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver dera. Awiri VVER. Sewero.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Six midadada pa VVER lapansi. Sewero.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov dera. Anayi VVER. Sewero.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky dera., Ukraine. VVER wina. Sewero.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov dera. Ndi 2014, ntchito midadada awiri a mathanki VVER. mayunitsi awiri tikukonza.

Nyukiliya mphamvu pambuyo ngozi Chernobyl

1986 anasonyeza koopsya kwa mafakitale. Zotsatira za tsoka opangidwa anali zosayembekezeka anthu kugula zachilengedwe anali kutsekedwa ambiri zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. chiwerengero cha zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse anakana. Anaimitsidwa ndi Soviet Union pansi yomanga si okwerera m'banja chokha, komanso kunja.

List of Russian zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, yomanga imene inaimitsidwa:

• Gorkovskaya Ast (Kutentha chomera);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh Ast.

List of Russian zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, zimafika pa kapangidwe ndi earthworks kukonzekera:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• East kutali;
• Ivanovskaia Ast (Kutentha chomera);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Anasiya zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya Russia: Zoyambitsa

Kupeza malo zomangamanga pa vuto tectonic - zifukwa anatchula magwero boma kuteteza Russian yomanga nyukiliya magetsi. Map m'madera kwambiri zivomerezi wa dziko cholekanitsa Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag zone Baikal Rift, Altai-Sayan, Far East ndi Priamurskaya.

Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi yomanga Crimea siteshoni (woyamba chipika wokonzeka - 80%) kwenikweni anayamba poponya. Chifukwa chake kuteteza mphamvu otsalira monga ndalama zambiri anakhala akumane vuto - mavuto azachuma mu USSR. Mu nthawi imeneyo anali kokhazikika (kwenikweni kuponyedwa kwa kuba), malo ambiri mafakitale, ngakhale digiri yapamwamba okonzeka.

Rostov NPP: ndi resumption ntchito yomanga popanda maganizo a anthu

Ntchito yomanga mbewu inayamba mu 1981. Mu 1990, wapanikizidwa ndi anthu yogwira Council Regional anatengera zochita pa ntchito yomanga motetezera. Chivomerezocho wa chipika woyamba panthawiyo anali kale 95% ndi 2 - 47%.

Patatha zaka eyiti mu 1998, anaikonzanso asilikali pachiyambi, chiwerengero cha mayunitsi yafupika awiri. Mu May 2000, kumanga inayambanso, ndipo mu May 2001 unit woyamba anazimitsa pa gululi ndi. Kuyambira chaka chamawa, iwo adapitiriza ntchito yomanga lachiwirilo. The Launch yomaliza kulephereka kangapo, ndipo mu March 2010 unachitikira kugwirizana kwake kwa gululi la Chitaganya cha Russia.

Rostov NPP MUTU 3

Mu 2009, anaganiza pa chitukuko cha Rostov mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi unsembe wa ake midadada anayi pa maziko a mathanki VVER.

Popeza zinthu ziliri pa katundu mphindi magetsi pa Crimea chilumba ayenera kukhala Rostov NPP. 3 wagawo mu December 2014 anali olumikizidwa kwa dongosolo mphamvu ya la Russia mpaka mphamvu zochepa. Ndi m'ma 2015 ndi ayambitse ntchito malonda (1011 MW), amene ayenera kuchepetsa chiopsezo chikusoŵa magetsi ku Ukraine mu Crimea.

mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Russian zamakono

Ndi chiyambi cha 2015 onse zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya Russia (wogwila tikukonza) ndi bulanchi a "Rosenergoatom" nkhawa. Mavuto mu gawo ndi mavuto ndi zomvetsa kuti zagonjetsedwa. Ndi chiyambi cha 2015 ku Russia pali 10 nyukiliya zomera mphamvu tikukonza - 5 nthaka ndi pasiteshoni ina akuyandama.

List of Russian zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya imachitika chiyambi cha 2015:

• Beloyarsk (inayake ntchito - 1964).
• Novovoronezh nyukiliya magetsi (1964).
• Kola nyukiliya magetsi (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Kursk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russian nyukiliya zomera mphamvu tikukonza

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad dera. Awiri midadada pamaziko a mathanki VVER-1200. Yomanga inayamba mu 2012. Yambani - mu 2017, mphamvu cholinga - mu 2018

Izo zakonzedwa kuti Baltic NPP adzakhala Tumizani magetsi kuti mayiko a ku Ulaya: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. magetsi malonda ku Russia adzapatsidwa mwa dongosolo Chilituyaniya mphamvu.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk dera, pa malo panopa. Mmodzi wagawo - zochokera BN-800 riyakitala. Poyamba anakonza kuponyedwa mu 2014 wakhala ankatembenukira chifukwa yochepa kotunga Ukraine mogwirizana ndi zochitika zandale za 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad dera. siteshoni Chetyrehblokovaya zochokera mathanki VVER-1200. Izo m'malo SELA (Leningrad). Unit woyamba zakonzedwa kuti atchule mu 2015, zotsatirazi - 2017, 2018, 2019. ankalemekeza.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 Novovoronezh Voronezh dera, Suli kutali kanthu. Lidzaloŵa m'malo anakonza yomanga midadada anayi, choyamba - pamaziko a mathanki VVER-1200, zotsatirazi - VVER-1300. Chiyambi cha mphamvu kapangidwe - mu 2015 (unit choyamba).
• Rostov (cm. Pamwamba).

Nyukiliya Mphamvu Makampani Padziko Lonse: mwachidule

Mu gawo Loona za dziko zimamangidwa pafupifupi onse Russian nyukiliya zomera mphamvu. Map mapulaneti dongosolo nyukiliya zomera mphamvu zikusonyeza ndende ya zinthu potsatira zigawo zinayi: Ulaya, Asia (Japan, China, Korea), ndi Middle East, ku Central America. Malinga ndi IAEA, za 440 nyukiliya opareshoni mu 2014.

zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya wambiri mayiko otsatirawa:

• US nyukiliya zomera mphamvu kubala 836 630 000 000 kWh / chaka ..;
• mu France - 439 730 000 000 kWh / chaka ;.
• Japan - 263 830 000 000 kWh / chaka ;.
• mu Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / chaka ;.
• mu Korea - 142 940 Cha 000 000 kWh / chaka ;.
• mu Germany - 140 530 000 000 kWh / chaka ..