Maina a oyera achi Russia. Miyoyo ya oyera achi Russia

Chiyero ndi chiyero cha mtima, kufunafuna mphamvu zaumulungu zopanda malire, zowonetseredwa mu mphatso za Mzimu Woyera monga mvula yambiri yamitundu ya dzuwa. Odzipembedza amapembedza ndi mgwirizano pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi Ufumu wakumwamba. Kulowa mu kuwala kwa chisomo cha Mulungu, iwo, poganizira za Mulungu ndi mgonero wa Mulungu, adzaphunzira zinsinsi zauzimu. Mu moyo wa dziko lapansi, oyera mtima, kukwaniritsa chidziwitso cha kudzikana chifukwa cha Ambuye, kulandira chisomo chachikulu cha Chivumbulutso. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso cha Baibulo, chiyeretso ndizokhazikitsidwa kwa munthu kwa Mulungu, yemwe ndi wothandizira moyo wamphumphu komanso malo ake enieni.

Kodi kusonkhanitsa ndi chiyani?

Mchitidwe wa Tchalitchi wopatsa olungama oyera mtima umatchedwa kukonzedwa. Amalimbikitsa okhulupirira kulemekeza woyera wodziwika polambira. Monga lamulo, kutchuka kwa mpingo kumayamba ndi ulemu ndi kulemekezedwa, komatu chinali chidziwitso chomwe chinapangitsa kuti ulemerero wa oyera mtima ulemekezedwe ndi kulengedwa kwa mafano, kulembedwa kwa miyoyo, kuphatikiza mapemphero ndi misonkhano ya mpingo. Chifukwa cha kupereka kwa oyeramtima kwa oyeramtima kungakhale kondomeko ya olungama, opangidwa ndi iye zodabwitsa, ntchito yake yonse kapena imfa yake. Ndipo pambuyo pa imfa, munthu amatha kudziwika ngati woyera chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zizindikiro zake, kapena zozizwitsa za machiritso zomwe zikuchitika mu mpumulo wake.

Zikanakhala kuti woyera amapembedzedwa m'kachisi umodzi, mzinda kapena nyumba za amonke, amalankhula za diocese, kumalo amodzi.

Amadziwa tchalitchi chovomerezeka ndi kukhalapo kwa oyera osadziwika, omwe chitsimikizo cha umulungu sichidziwika kwa mpingo wonse wachikhristu. Amatchedwa olungama olemekezeka akufa, ndipo amatumikira requiem, pamene woyera wovomerezeka amagwira ntchito.

Ndicho chifukwa chake mayina a oyera mtima a Chirasha, omwe amalemekezedwa mu diyocese imodzi, amasiyana ndipo samadziwika kwa amtchalitchi a mzinda wina.

Amene anali ovomerezeka ku Russia

Kuleza mtima Russia anabala oposa zikwi chifera chikhulupiriro ndi ofera. Mayina onse a anthu oyera a dziko la Russia, omwe anali ovomerezedwa, amabweretsedwa mwa oyera mtima, kapena amithenga. Ufulu wa kugawira olungama kwa oyera mtima poyamba unali ndi Kiev, ndipo kenako ndi Moscow, metropolitans. Zoyamba zowonongeka zinayambidwa ndi kutsekedwa kwa mabwinja a olungama kuti apange zodabwitsa. M'zaka za m'ma 1100 ndi 1600, anaikidwa m'manda a akalonga a Boris ndi Gleb, Mfumukazi Olga, Theodosius wa Cave.

Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 16, pansi pa Metropolitan Macarius, ufulu woyeretsa oyera mtima anapita kumakomiti a tchalitchi pansi pa mkulu wa ansembe. Mphamvu yosatsutsika ya Tchalitchi cha Orthodox yazaka 600 yomwe inalipo ku Russia panthawiyo inatsimikiziridwa ndi oyera mtima ambiri a ku Russia. Mndandanda wa mayina a olemekezeka olungama ndi mabungwe a Macarii adadzazidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha Akhristu oyera mtima.

Malamulo a Byzantine of canonization

M'zaka za zana la 17, Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox chinagonjetsedwa ndi malamulo akuluakulu a Byzantine operekedwa kwa oyera mtima. Panthawi imeneyi, atsogoleri achipembedzo anali ovomerezeka chifukwa anali ndi dongosolo la tchalitchi. Komanso, chiwerengerocho chinali choyenerera amishonare omwe adanyamula chikhulupiriro, ndi oyanjana ndi mipingo yatsopano ndi ambuye. Ndipo kufunika kokhala zozizwitsa kutaya ntchito yake. Motero, olungama okwana 150 anali ovomerezeka, makamaka ochokera kwa amonke ndi atsogoleri apamwamba, ndipo Oyera adalitsa mayina atsopano a oyera Orthodox a Russian.

Kufooka kwa mpingo kumakhudza

M'zaka za zana la 18-19, ndi Synod Woyera yokhayo yomwe inali ndi ufulu wokonzera. Nthawi imeneyi imakhala kuchepa kwa ntchito za tchalitchi komanso kufooketsa mphamvu zake pazinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe. Asanafike kumpando wachifumu wa Nicholas II, zinayi zokha za mayoni zinapangidwa. Kwa nthawi yochepa ya ulamuliro wa Romanovs, Akhristu ena asanu ndi awiri adatchulidwa ngati oyera mtima, ndipo oyera mtima anawonjezera maina atsopano a oyera mtima a Chirasha.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu ambiri olemekezeka a ku Russia omwe amalemekezedwa amadziwika kuti ndi olemba, omwe adatchulidwanso ndi mndandanda wa Akhristu a Orthodox omwe anamwalira, omwe amachitira maliro awo.

Zamakono zamakono

Chiyambi cha nthawi yamakono ya mbiri ya canonizations, yomwe inachitidwa ndi Russian Orthodox Church, ikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi Local Council, yomwe inachitika mu 1917-18, kumene oyera olemekezeka achi Russia Sofroniy Irkutskiy ndi Iosif Astrakhansky anali oyeramtima. Kenaka, m'ma 1970, ansembe ena atatu anali ovomerezeka: Herman wa Alaska, Bishopu Wamkulu wa Japan ndi Metropolitan Innokentiy a Moscow ndi Kolomna.

M'chaka cha Zakachikwi za ubatizo wa Rus, zida zatsopano zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene Xenia wa Petersburg, Dmitry Donskoy ndi oyera mtima odziwika bwino a Orthodox achi Russia ankadziwika kuti ndi opembedza.

Mu 2000, Bungwe la Mabishopu la Jubilee linachitikira, pamene Mfumu Nicholas II ndi mamembala a banja lachifumu la Romanovs anali "ovomerezeka".

Koyamba kovomerezeka kwa Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox

Mayina a oyera mtima achi Russia, omwe anavomerezedwa ndi Metropolitan John m'zaka za zana la 11, anakhala chizindikiro cha chikhulupiriro chowona cha anthu atsopano obatizidwa, kuvomereza kwathunthu machitidwe a Orthodox. Princes Boris ndi Gleb, ana a Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, atatha kusonkhezeredwa anakhala oyamba kumwamba kuteteza Akristu achi Russia. Boris ndi Gleb anaphedwa ndi mchimwene wawo ku nkhondo ya internecine ku mpando wachifumu wa Kiev mu 1015. Podziwa zoyesayesa zakupha, adalandira imfa ndi kudzichepetsa kwachikhristu chifukwa cha ulamuliro ndi mtendere wa anthu awo.

Kulemekezeka kwa akalonga kunali kofunika kwambiri ngakhale asanazindikire kuti chiyero chawo ndi mpingo. Pambuyo pa kukonzedwa kwa zizindikiro za abale anapezeka osabvunda ndipo adawonetsa anthu akale zozizwitsa za machiritso. Ndipo akalonga atsopano omwe ananyamuka ku mpando wachifumu anapanga maulendo kupita kumalo opatulika pofunafuna madalitso kwa wolamulira wolungama ndi kuthandiza muzochita zankhondo. Tsiku lachikondwerero la Oyera Boris ndi Gleb likukondedwa pa July 24.

Kupanga ubale woyera woyera wa Russia

Potsata akalonga a Boris ndi Gleb, olemekezeka Theodosius wa Cave anawerengedwa pakati pa oyera mtima. Lamulo lachiwiri lovomerezeka, lochitidwa ndi mpingo wa Russia, linachitika mu 1108. Monk Theodosius amaonedwa kuti ndi bambo wa dziko la Russia lokhalitsa dzikoli ndi woyambitsa, pamodzi ndi mthandizi wake Antony, wa amwenye a Kiev-Pechersky. Mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira anawonetsa njira ziwiri zosiyana za kumvera kwaumulungu: umodzi - kukanika kwakukulu, kukana zonse zadziko, china - kudzichepetsa ndi kulenga kwa ulemerero wa Mulungu.

M'mapanga a nyumba za amwenye a Kiev-Pechersky, omwe ali ndi mayina a oyambitsa, amasungira ziboliboli zokwana 118 za nyumba ya amonkeyi, omwe ankakhala kale ndi goli la Tatar-Mongol. Iwo anali ovomerezeka mwa onse mu 1643, kupanga utumiki wamba, ndipo mu 1762 maina a oyera a Russian anaphatikizidwa mwa oyera mtima.

Monk Abraham wa Smolensk

Zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika bwino za anthu olungama omwe analipo kale. Avraamiy Smolensky, mmodzi mwa oyera mtima ochepa panthawiyo, amene mbiri yake yowonjezera yomwe anapangidwa ndi wophunzira wake anasungidwa. Abrahamu analemekezedwa kwa nthawi yaitali mumzinda wake asanatumikidwe ndi katolika ku Makarievsky mu 1549. Atapereka zonse zomwe ali nazo kwa osowa omwe adatsalira makolo awo olemera, mwana wakhumi ndi atatu, amene anabadwa kuchokera kwa Ambuye ndi mwana yekhayo pambuyo pa ana khumi ndi awiri, Abrahamu anakhala umphawi, akupempherera chipulumutso pa Chiweruzo Chachiweruzo. Atalimbikitsa amonke, analembanso mabuku a tchalitchi ndi zithunzi zojambulajambula. Mbuye Abraham akutchulidwa kuti akupulumutsa Smolensk ku chilala chachikulu.

Mayina otchuka kwambiri a oyera a dziko la Russia

Pamodzi ndi akalonga a Boris ndi Gleb omwe tawatchula pamwambapa, zizindikiro zapadera za Russian Orthodoxy, mulibe mayina ofunika kwambiri a oyera mtima a Chirasha omwe akhala akutsutsa anthu onse mwa kuthandizira kuti tchalitchi chilowe nawo m'moyo wa anthu.

Atamasulidwa ku chikoka cha Mongol-Tatar, dziko la Russia linagwirizana ndi cholinga cha kuunikira anthu achikunja, komanso kumanga nyumba zatsopano ndi akachisi kumayiko akum'maŵa akum'maŵa. Chinthu chodziwika kwambiri cha kayendetsedwe kano chinali St. Sergius wa Radonezh. Chifukwa chokhazikika payekha, Mulungu anamanga selo pamtunda wa Makovets, pomwe Patapita nthawi, Trinity Sergius Lavra inamangidwa. Pang'onopang'ono, olungama anayamba kugwirizana ndi Sergio, wophunzitsidwa ndi chiphunzitso chake, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti azimayi a monastic akhazikitsidwe, kukhala ndi zipatso za manja awo, osati ndi chikondi cha okhulupirira. Sergius mwiniyo ankagwira ntchito m'munda, ndipo anapereka chitsanzo kwa abale ake. Ana a Sergius a Radonezh amanga nyumba pafupifupi 40 ku Russia.

St. Sergius wa Radonezh anali ndi lingaliro la kudzichepetsa kokondweretsa Mulungu osati kwa anthu wamba okha, komanso kwa olamulira omwe anali olamulira. Monga katswiri wandale wothandizira, adathandizira kuti mgwirizano wa Russia ukhale wogwirizana, ndikuwatsimikizira olamulira a kufunika kokonzekera madera ndi maiko obalalika.

Dmitry Donskoy

Kulemekezeka kwakukulu Sergius wa Radonezh ankakonda kuchokera ku kalonga wa ku Russia, anaikapo oyera mtima, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. Anali Serki wa Monk yemwe adadalitsa gulu la nkhondo ya Kulikovo, yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi Dmitry Donskoy, ndipo adatumiza awiri ake kuti amuthandize.

Pokhala kalonga ali mwana, Dmitry m'nkhani za boma adamvera malangizo a Metropolitan Alexy, yemwe anali wokondwa chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa akuluakulu a boma la Russia ku Moscow. Izi sizinkayenda bwino nthawi zonse. Kumene kuli mphamvu, komanso kumene ndi kukwatirana (mfumu ya Suzdal), Dmitry Ivanovich anaphatikizapo malo ozungulira ku Moscow, kumene Kremlin yoyamba inamangidwa.

Anali Dmitry Donskoi yemwe adayambitsa chikhalidwe cha ndale, chomwe chinalumikiza akuluakulu a ku Moscow kuzungulira Moscow kuti apange dziko lamphamvu kuchokera ku ndale ya Golden Horde) komanso maganizo (kuchokera ku tchalitchi cha Byzantine). Mu 2002, pokumbukira Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoi ndi St. Sergius wa Radonezh, chigawo cha "For Service to the Fatherland" chinakhazikitsidwa, chikugogomezera momveka bwino kuti mphamvu za mbiri yakaleyi zinakhazikitsidwa bwanji pakupanga dziko la Russia. Anthu oyera a Chirasha anali okondwa za ubwino, ufulu ndi bata la anthu awo akulu.

Zithunzi (mzere) wa oyera a Russian

Oyera onse a Mpingo Wachilengedwe onse amawonekera mu nkhope zisanu ndi zitatu: aneneri, atumwi, prelates, ofera, ofera, ofera, ovomereza, bessrebeniks, opusa opatulika ndi odala.

Tchalitchi cha Orthodox cha Russia chimasiyanitsa oyera mtima ndi nkhope zawo. Anthu Oyera a Russia, chifukwa cha zochitika zakale, adagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa:

Akalonga . Olungama oyamba, ozindikiridwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Russia monga oyera mtima, adakhala akalonga a Boris ndi Gleb. Iwo anali odzipereka mu dzina la mtendere wa anthu a ku Russia. Chikhalidwe ichi chinakhala chitsanzo kwa olamulira onse a nthawi za Yaroslav Wanzeru, pamene ulamuliro weniweni unavomerezedwa, chifukwa cha yemwe mkulu wa nsembe ankapereka nsembe. Udindo umenewu umagawanika kukhala wofanana (Chifalitsa Chofalitsa - Mfumukazi Olga, mdzukulu wake Vladimir, wobatizidwa Rus), amonke (akalonga, malumbiro aumunthu) ndi ofera (omwe amazunzidwa ndi zigawenga, kupha, kupha chikhulupiriro).

Mlaliki . Awa ndi oyera mtima amene asankha kumvera kwaumulungu panthawi ya moyo wawo (Theodosius ndi Anthony wa Caves, Sergius wa Radonezh, Iosif Volotsky, Seraphim wa Sarov).

Oyera mtima ndi olungama omwe ali ndi udindo wa mpingo, omwe adayika utumiki wawo kutetezera chiyero cha chikhulupiriro, kufalikira kwa chiphunzitso chachikhristu, maziko a akachisi (Nifont wa Novgorod, Stephen wa Perm).

Opusa opatulika (odalitsidwa) ndi oyera mtima omwe amaoneka ngati amisala koma akukana zikhalidwe zadziko. Udindo waukulu kwambiri wa olungama a ku Russia, wadzazidwa, makamaka, ndi amonke omwe amalingalira kuti sali oyenerera kumvera monastic. Anachoka ku nyumba ya amonke, akupita m'misewu mumidzi ndikumva mavuto onse (Basil the Blessed, Isake wa Recluse, Simeon wa Palestina, Xenia wa Petersburg).

Anthu oyera ndi akazi . Izi zimagwirizanitsa ana omwe amadziwika ndi oyera omwe adasiya chuma cha anthu wamba, olungama, omwe anapatsidwa chikondi chopanda malire kwa anthu (Juliania Lazarevskaya, Artemy Vercolsky).

Miyoyo ya oyera achi Russia

Miyoyo ya oyera ndi ntchito yolemba ndi mbiri, mbiri ndi tsiku ndi tsiku zokhudzana ndi olungama, ovomerezeka ndi mpingo. Moyo ndi umodzi wa mitundu yakale yambiri yolemba. Malingana ndi nthawi ndi dziko la kulembera, mapepala ameneŵa adalengedwa monga ma biography, encomium (mawu otchuka), martyria (kuchitira umboni), pateria. Ndondomeko ya kulemba miyoyo ya miyambo ya mpingo wa Byzantine, Aroma ndi Western inali yosiyana kwambiri. Pofika zaka za zana lachinayi Mpingo unayamba kugwirizanitsa oyera mtima ndi zolemba zawo m'zinthu zooneka ngati kalendala ndi tsiku la chikumbutso cha olambira.

Ku Russia, moyo umawonekera pamodzi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chikristu kuchokera ku Byzantium mu Bulgarian ndi kumasulira kwa Chiserbia, kuphatikizidwa kuti zikhale zowerengera powerenga miyezi-mawu ndi mwezi wa Fourth.

Kale muzaka za zana la 11 panali mbiri yotsutsa ya akalonga a Boris ndi Gleb, kumene wolemba wosadziwika wa moyo ndi Russian. Maina oyera amadziwika ndi tchalitchi ndipo amawonjezeredwa ku mwezi wa mawuwo. M'zaka za zana la 12 ndi 13, pamodzi ndi chikhumbo cha monastic kuunikira kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Russia, chiŵerengero cha zochitika za umoyo chimakula. Olemba a ku Russia analemba moyo wa oyera mtima a Chirasha powerenga pa Divine Liturgy. Mayina, omwe mndandanda wawo unadziwika ndi mpingo kuti ulemekezedwe, tsopano uli ndi umunthu wa mbiriyakale, ndipo ntchito zopatulika ndi zozizwitsa zinakhazikitsidwa mu chilembo cholembedwa.

M'zaka za zana la 15 panali kusintha kwa kalembedwe ka kulemba kwa moyo. Kusamalidwa kwakukulu kunkaperekedwa osati ku deta yeniyeni, koma ku luso la luso lojambula, kukongola kwa chilankhulo, kukwanitsa kusankha zofananitsa zambiri zochititsa chidwi. Aphunzitsi aluso a nthawi imeneyo adadziwika. Mwachitsanzo, Epiphanius Wochenjera, amene anajambula miyoyo yoyera ya oyera mtima achi Russia, omwe maina awo anali otchuka kwambiri kwa anthu - Stefan wa Perm ndi Sergius wa Radonezh.

Miyoyo yambiri imatengedwa ngati gwero la chidziwitso pa zochitika zofunikira m'mbiri. Kuchokera mu moyo wa Alexander Nevsky mungathe kuphunzira za maubwenzi andale ndi Horde. Miyoyo ya Boris ndi Gleb imanena za mikangano yapamwamba ya internecine pamaso pa mgwirizano wa Russia. Kulengedwa kwa ntchito yolemba mabuku ndi zachipembedzo kunadziwika kuti ndi maina ati a oyera achi Russia, machitidwe awo ndi machitidwe awo, adziwika kwambiri ndi okhulupirira ambiri.