Marsupial mkango: photos, mudziwe, malongosoledwe

Chongani mbiri ya Earth inatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, kugawidwa m'mbali zina za mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro, pakati komanso mochedwa Eocene, Miocene nyengo, ndi Pliocene, Jurassic - izi ndi zina siteji amatenga ndalama yaikulu ya zaka masauzande ambiri chitukuko ndi mapangidwe moyo pa dziko. Mu nyengo iyi inakula mapiri, m'maiko ambiri anapatukana, kupanga topezeka latsopano ndi kupanga mtundu wapadera kwathunthu kwa moyo.

Kuwaweruza lero, munthu ano angakhoze kokha chifukwa cha ntchito za zokwiriridwa. Asayansi kupeza mafupa a nyama monga zinyamazi, anasintha zimadya woyamba yaikulu ndipo ambiri herbivores, kuulula za ndondomeko ya kusanduka nyama pa dziko.

Oligocene umodzi

Nthawiyi chitukuko ya Earth anatenga nthawi zaka 25 38 miliyoni zapitazo. Iwo ali chofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya moyo, monga izo zinali pa nthawi iyi nyengo anamukwiyira pang'onopang'ono utakhazikika, ndi malo a rainforest zomera anabwera amakonda kuzizira.

Pa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri pa Pole South mu glacier yaikulu, chilengedwe amene anatenga madzi ambiri nyanja, zomwe zinachititsa kuti shallowing a m'nyanja ndi padzuwa la m'madera ambiri m'dziko. Iwo anatenga nkhalango latsopano ndi chipululu chachikulu, amene anali koyamba udzu.

Nthawi imeneyi, India wapanga ulendo kuchokera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto, tidapita pa equator, ndipo wakhala woyandikana Asia ndi Australia kalekale anachoka ku Antarctica. Choncho, kamodzi topezeka wonse wa partitions kulengedwa pa chilichonse Tambasula watsopano maganizo awo wapadera dziko. Mwachitsanzo, pamodzi ndi Australia, "tidapita" marsupials, yapangidwa pa dziko lino. Zinali pano mu nthawi mochedwa Oligocene, panali mdani kwambiri nthawi - marsupial mkango. Photo fano la chirombo, analengedwa ndi asayansi mafupa Tingaone mu Museum wa Paleontology. Malinga ndi iye limasonyeza bwino molimba nyama ziwanda. Maonekedwe a mdani ameneyu sanali mwangozi. Kuti izo zinabweretsa kusintha chibadwa.

chilombo malo

Anthu ambiri chodziwa m'dera la dziko kudzazidwa steppes, kwachititsa zikamera wa nambala yaikulu mtundu watsopano wa herbivores, lomwe poyamba ruminants. Ngamira perboterii. Pambali panali mitundu ngati nyama monga nkhumba, rhinoceros chimphona, njati, agwape ndi ena.

Zikamera wa zaka zoposa 25 miliyoni zapitazo, mtundu watsopano wa zomera - udzu, zinapangitsa kufalikira mofulumira kudutsa dziko. Iye, mosiyana akalambula ake, masamba sanakule pamwamba pa tsinde ndi pansi. Izi zinathandiza kuti iye achire ndi kukula mofulumira kwambiri pambuyo mphukira yake yoyamba anadya zamiyendo Inayi. Izi kuchuluka ziweto zawo. Mwachibadwa, pa nkhani ya amenewa chakudya chochuluka, ndipo kusanduka awo akhala adani.

Mu mochedwa Oligocene anali agalu woyamba ndi amphaka, komanso mkango marsupial. Cholengedwa wapadera nazo mphamvu zosaneneka ndi see, ndi kupanda ambiri mpikisano kwachititsa kuwonjezeka kwa chibadwidwe anthu ake.

A chilombo wapadera

The sayansi dzina la nyama zimenezi - Thylacoleo carnifex, kutanthauza "sumkolev wopha" (Wopereka). Nzosadabwitsa iye anafika dzina lake, monga kugwira nyama, carnivore sikuti msiyeni iye kunja kwa girth wake kuimfa. Ichi ndi chifukwa kapangidwe ka yoteroyo ake kutsogolo. Ndi kukula kwa masentimita 80 ndipo kumbuyo kwa masentimita 170 m'litali, ankamvetsera makilogalamu 130 mpaka 165, lomwe atachitira pa malo oyamba mwa Australia adani. Ngakhale kuti anali yamabingu steppes, achibale ake mwina nyama ndi koalas, possums ndi cuscuses.

Asayansi siyidafike kuti vutoli, popeza kuti si bwino magwero a mano zachilendo chilombo. Dvureztsovoe dongosolo lawo akufanana nsagwada za makoswe, amene ndi chachilendo kwambiri, chifukwa mkango marsupial (chithunzi pansipa izo zikusonyeza) unachitikira yekha nyama zakudya. Childs, monga zida mano chibadidwe nyama iwo kudya chakudya masamba. Motero, Australia marsupial mkango - ndi m'malo zosiyana ulamuliro monga amene zikuonekeratu kuti maziko a canines wake zimadya ndi zamiyendo Inayi dentition.

Kufotokozera za mafupa a marsupial mkango mutu

Only inapezeka ndi zokwiriridwa mukhoza kuweruza mmene koopsa anali chinyama. Kufufuza matabwa ake, asayansi aphunzira mmene moyo, kusakasaka ndi zimene mitundu a marsupial mkango. kulongosola nyama limanena kuti woimira dvureztsovyh detachment, kuphatikizapo kangaroo. Nyama zimenezi awiri ndi chinthu china wamba - mchira. Kungoona mafupa opezeka Australia, mkango marsupial ntchito kwa bata, pamene Iye adalikukhala pansi pa haunches wake.

Mafupa mutu chilombo amasonyeza kuti iye anali kusankha kwambiri, ndipo pamene iye mmwamba ndi kupanga ndi glares pa mano ake, nsagwada zake zamphamvu clenched ndipo sanalole wovulalayo mpaka iye wofooka ku kutaya magazi.

The zamoyo wa zimadya anayamba ndi mitundu ya kukula yaing'ono, ngati pristsileo, amenenso wa dongosolo la marsupials ankakhala mitengo omnivorous. The mafupa anapeza wa nyama unkagwiritsidwa, mmene kusintha kapangidwe ka kukamwa kwawo, kusonyeza chizolowezi Kuonjezera ndi kutalikitsa wa incisors kutsogolo. Ndi kwa iwo, monga asayansi amati, panali Pleistocene tilakoleo mkango marsupial lomwe lili ndi awiri lakuthwa mano kutsogolo.

Kufotokozera yoteroyo

Kwa nthawi yaitali, zokwiriridwa analibe zokhudza zimene miyendo yakumbuyo wa nyama. mafupa onse anapezeka ndi bwino anasunga gawo kutsogolo ndi yoteroyo, amene anali mmodzi spaced chala. Zimenezi zinathandiza mkango marsupial kusunga kupanga owonjezera kukula yake.

Mpaka 21 m'ma ankatchedwa anadutsa kuzungulira ndi kusaka nyama zimenezi. Asayansi zochokera maganizo oti matabwa ake ndi ofanana ndi mafupa a anthu ogwirira wakale wa nyamayi. Linapezeka mu 2005, mafupa lonse zasonyeza kuti si choncho, iwo ankaganiza anayang'ana marsupial mkango. Information analandira pambuyo maonekedwe a nyama anachira, anasonyeza kuti iye miyendo yakumbuyo anali ndi dongosolo ofanana ndi chimbalangondo. M'makona anali pang'ono zimayenda inwards, ndipo spaced chala uta amathandiza nthambi za mitengo nyama.

Choncho, zinadziwika kuti nyama kuika miyendo yakumbuyo pamwamba kwathunthu, ndipo zimenezi zinamuthandiza kukwera mitengo ndi miyala. Pambuyo zimenezi, ananena chilombo m'tchire anali atabwerera asayansi m'nkhalango, kumalire ndi steppes. Zikuoneka wothamanga marsupial mkango anali ofooka, kotero kusakasaka, kuyembekezera nyama yake pa mtengo.

Kufotokozera thupi

Telakolev anali musculature kwambiri. Makamaka kukwapula wake lamba phewa, zida ndi mafupa amphamvu ndi wandiweyani. mafupa mawonekedwe zolondola anapezeka pakati pa phewa lake, ndipo, nthawi zambiri, ndi kulimbitsa minofu. Chifukwa cha iwo, girth ake anali oopsa a munthu, monga kutulukira kunja kwa izo sizikanakhoza kukhala nyama iliyonse, ngakhale okonzeka ndi mano wakupha lakuthwa kapena zikhadabo. Ngakhale asayansi wachipereka dzina la mkango marsupial, kapangidwe ka thupi lake ndi unsembe wa kusaka kuvumbitsira zambiri ngati nyalugwe. Iye, monga nthumwi ya mphaka, ankatha kukwera mitengo wokha, komanso miyala. Izi linatsimikizidwa ndi kuda zozama za chiombankhanga lake, anapeza m'phanga ku Australia. Nyama imeneyi ndi mwaluso andipeze ndi miyendo kutsogolo ndi akamagwiritsa pa okwera.

Sumkolva njira ya moyo

Potengera dongosolo la mafupa a nyama, asayansi kuona kuti anapha akuvutika mphindi ntchito yaitali incisors mandibular kenako analekanitsidwa molars pachimake. Amaganiza kuti akuvutika chachikulu cha mdani uyu anali DIPROTODON. Icho chinali marsupial waukulu amene anakhalapo pa dziko. Iwo asangalala nthawi kuchokera zaka 1.6 miliyoni kuti 40,000 zapitazo. Yaikulu ya iwo upambana kukula kwa Mvuu ano ndipo anali ndi 3 mamita yaitali ndi 2 m mu msinkhu.

Popeza kuti mkango marsupial kutalika ukufika masentimita 70-80 yekha, ndi kutalika - mpaka masentimita 170, izo zida zonse muyenera mukuyigwira, kugwira ndi kupha chotero masewera chachikulu. Zikuoneka chilombo anasankha lalikulu kwambiri koma pang'onopang'ono nyama, chifukwa iwo alibe luso mofulumira anamupeza akuwatsatira. Anadikira wovulalayo atakhala kudikira mu udzu kapena pa nthambi ya mtengo.

chilengedwe chilombo

Tikakhulupirira anapeza zokwiriridwa, mkango marsupial, pafupifupi 2 miliyoni zaka anali mdani waukulu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri mu Australia. nkhokwe wake mano akuthwa ndi zikhadabu akatumba amphamvu ndi olimba dongosolo fupa kuwapangitsa mosavuta nthaŵi yaitali. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chitukuko cha zomera zosangalala, kuwatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka odyetserako ziweto, mdani uyu analibe mpikisano mu chilengedwe. menyu inkakhala procoptodon Goliati - kangaroos chiphona. Iwonso amayesetsa mamita 3 kutalika ndipo anali kovuta nyama mkango marsupial amene sangathe kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pansi.

Marsupial mkango sanali anthu okha kuti nthawi. Pamodzi ndi iye mu zigwa ankasakidwa mdierekezi Tasmanian, baba wakale wa mbeu yake eponymous ku Tasmania. Mosiyana tilakoleo, mdierekezi anatha kupulumuka kwa tsiku lino, koma aliyense payekha, osati choposa mu kukula kwa galu pafupifupi. Pakati pa akuvutika chifukwa cha mkango marsupial anapeza zygomaturus - amene ankakhala mu nthawi yomweyi mu nyama, ofanana ndi mvuu ano pygmy ndi palorchestes, zokwiriridwa alandira dzina "chimphona marsupial tapir". miyeso yake mofanana kavalo ano. Ambiri mwa nyama anamwalira nyengo, koma ena zayambika ndipo anapulumuka lero.

Chifukwa kutha

Mofulumira wa marsupial asayansi mkango adakali akusemphana yaitali adani chilengedwe zake zachilengedwe, iyo ndi mavuto padziko lonse komanso si pansi chiopsezo chiwonongeko cha Australia. Baibulo wotchuka kwambiri ndi nyama akhala zinatha chifukwa chakuti zaka 30,000 zapitazo m'dera chinayamba anthu wosazindikira.

chakuti chilombo anali adakali moyo pa nthawiyo, kuti phanga zojambula, kumene kuli pano. Anthu anayamba kusaka nyama kwambiri kuchepetsa chiwerengero chawo. Kuwonjezera apo, anawononga mkango, kuphatikizapo odana aika mu savannah lapansi. Mkubwela kwa anthu mbisoweka ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi, pafupifupi marsupial megafauna Australia.

zinthu zatsopano

Ndiyamika asayansi atulukira, pa chiyambi cha m'ma 21 m'mapanga ili pa Nullarbor Plain, sayansi anatha zikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mdani uyu. N'kumene anapezeka mafupa a mkango marsupial, limene sadatha kubwezeretsa chifaniziro chake. Chinyama linagwa mu limodzi mwa mapanga ndipo anafera pomwepo, osati kudzuka m'tchire. Kuwonjezera iye, iwo anapeza zambiri nyama mu nthawi yomweyo, chomwe chingathe kupereka lingaliro wa anthu ena anali mdani ndi nyama.

buku wakuda

Kuyambira 1600, nthawi ya atulukira Hrs, zinali buku anatenga nyama kapena zinatha ndi nthawi kapena pafupi kutha. Pamafunikanso mastodons, mammoths, wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya rhinoceros, m'phanga chimbalangondo, Dodo, Moa ndi marsupial mkango. Black buku anali ankalemekeza chiwerengero nyama zathaŵa dzikoli, omwe angafanane ndi chiwerengero cha zinyamazi zinatha.

Mwatsoka, mitundu zoposa 1,000 zinyama zinachitika zaka 500 lotsiriza la chitukuko anthu, zomwe mwina kuwawononga iwo kapena kuwononga ndi kuipitsa malo awo.

Mwachitsanzo, mu zaka 27 basi wakhala kotheratu ndi mtundu uwu wa nyama za m'madzi monga ng'ombe nyanja, anapeza m'nthawi ya 18. Kwa phindu la zomera ngati inawonongedwa, ngakhale ukhoza zaka masauzande ambiri. Pa chiyambi cha wathuwu Red Book limafotokoza nyama ndi zomera akufuna ikutha.

Ngati mdani wakale anali moyo

Asayansi ena hypothesize, amene kupambana nkhondo, ngati panali mkango marsupial moyo ndipo anakumana ndi mfumu ya makono ya nyama. Kuti tipeze yankho, iwo adzakhala ndi kuwerengera kuluma mphamvu ya mdani wakale fanizirani ndi deta ya mkango. Ngakhale kuwerengetsera izi anapangidwa kwa amphaka saber-imodzi.