Matupi Small mu cytoplasm selo. Dzina, mtundu ndi kopita

Today ife kuphunzira mmene otchedwa matupi kochepa ndi cytoplasm selo. Ifenso Nkukupatsani kuunikila cholinga chawo ndi mitundu. Choncho, ng'ombe yaing'ono, zopezeka mu cytoplasm maselo, wotchedwa plastids. Iwo ali mbali yofunika ya foni. Plastids kwambiri, udindo wawo n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa organelles zina selo.

Pankhani selo, ndi structural unit wa onse kuti tikukhala. zamoyo zonse, ndipo munthuyo - ndi "mlengi" analengedwa ndi maselo. Ang'ono kwambiri, ndi apoyera iwo amaona zosatheka. Kudziwana woyamba ndi selo ndi organelles ake zimachitika kusekondale, pamene ophunzira mukupemphedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba kugwira ntchito ndi maso a. Kotero, ife kupita ku nkhani yathu yaikulu.

plastids

Ife tanena kale m'mawu oyamba kuti matupi kakang'ono mu cytoplasm maselo, ndi plastids izo. Iwo organelles yofunika kwambiri ya maselo mbewu. Angapezeke zomera autotrophic. Nkofunika amatchula kuti plastids ndi:

• DNA;
• RNA;
• Pantchito kwa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni.

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, tingasiyanitsire zofunika ntchito ya plastids. Predictably, ndi kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu organic. Pankhani mitundu ndi zotsatirazi:

• chloroplasts;
• chromoplasts;
• leucoplasts;
• chromatophores (algae).

Iwo onse ndi cholinga osiyana ndi mtundu iliyonse mawonekedwe ali mwini zenizeni pigment ake. Tiyeni kukonza ndi kupanga lalifupi mapeto: matupi kakang'ono mu cytoplasm selo - plastids. Onsewo ndi dongosolo zovuta ndi magulu anayi (mtundu ndi ntchito). The Ntchito yaikulu iliyonse mtundu - ndi kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic.

chloroplasts

Green matupi kakang'ono mu cytoplasm maselo - izo chloroplasts. mtundu timadalira pa wotchedwa chlorophyll, ndi pigment pano mu plastid lapansi. Wina amatchedwa pigment carotenoid ndi lalanje mtundu. Nkofunika kudziwa chakuti miyeso awo ndi ochepa, tsiku lino, chloroplasts mu pepala foni kungakhale zoposa makumi awiri. Ife ananena kuti algae ndi plastids otchedwa chromatophores, ndipo zimenezi, kusiyana ndi kukula awo ndi aakulu, iwo ali mu khola kungakhale 2 okha.

Apa tiyenera onani Ntchito yaikulu ya chloroplasts, chomwe pochita photosynthesis.

chromoplasts

Choncho, ng'ombe yaing'ono, zopezeka mu cytoplasm maselo, wotchedwa plastids. Ife anazindikira mitundu ikuluikulu tsopano kupereka bwino kuwerenga chromoplasts. Iwo akhoza kukhala a mitundu angapo:

• wachikasu;
• lalanje;
• wofiira.

Tingapeze iwo okha mu masamba, komanso zipatso kapena pamakhala. Chromoplasts dongosolo si losiyana kwa kapangidwe ka plastids ena. The masanjidwewo zizindikiro mapuloteni m'munsi, DNA ndi inki.

The Ntchito yaikulu - ndi kukopa chidwi cha tizirombo kuti kudya chipatso, monga zipatso chromoplasts utoto ndi maluwa mitundu yowala.

leucoplasts

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti plastids akhoza kusintha mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake. Choncho, leucoplast - mtundu wa kholo la chloroplasts. Ndithudi ife tonse ndi zomera panyumba. Ngati ali ndi kuyatsa osauka, tsamba mtundu ndi wotumbululuka chikasu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti maselo a zomera amenewa leucoplasts. Ngati inu mutenga chomera ndikuyika mu kuwala, kenako leucoplasts n'kukhala chloroplasts, ndiye chomera chuma wobiriwira mtundu.