Mawu achikale ndipo neologisms: zitsanzo. Archaisms ndi neologisms mu Russian

Chirasha ali ndi mawu nthawi yosintha: Mabaibulo ena kale zambiri wamba tsopano nkomwe ankagwiritsa, ndi zina, m'malo mwake, ayamba ntchito mwa ife. Zitsanzo za mawu achikale ndipo neologisms achuluka, zimene zikusonyeza chitukuko cha chinenero.

zochitika zofanana n'zogwirizana ndi kusintha anthu: mawu atsopano amapezeka ndi zikamera wa yachilendo, ndipo ngati anthu musalunjike chinthu kapena chodabwitsa, zilibe ntchito mawu amene agwiritsidwa ntchito udindo izo. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mawu achikale ndipo neologisms Zitsanzo za ntchito yawo, mitundu ndi makhalidwe.

mawu achikale: tanthauzo

mawu achikale - kotero kuti pa nthaŵi kapena kawirikawiri ntchito kapena ayi ntchito konse (mwachitsanzo, dzanja lamanja, mwana wanga, Red, milomo, Commissar).

Obsolescence mawu - ndi ndondomeko Choncho, mfundo zosiyana mwina pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe si anamasulidwa ntchito yogwira, koma ntchito kamodzikamodzi kuposa m'mbuyomu, mawu amatchedwa "chinenero akale".

Neologisms ndi archaisms ntchito zolinga zosiyana. Yotsirizira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kwa anangotchula zinthu ndi zochitika, ndiyo kugwira ntchito nominative (mwachitsanzo, sayansi ndi mbiri). Mu ntchito za zopeka polimbana ndi mitu mbiri, mawu amenewa kumathandiza nominative-stylistic udindo - osati umamudziwikitsa ndi zenizeni makamaka, komanso kumabweretsa kukoma ena a chi.

M'lemba mabuku mawu chakale angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusonyeza za nthawi imene kanthu udzachitika. Archaisms (ndi neologisms) ikhale cholinga leni stylistic. mawu achikale kupereka mawu a wapadera, monga njira yosonyezera.

Neologisms: chizindikiritso

Ife kuyankha funso la chimene neologisms, zitsanzo ndi amayesetsa kuti. Awa latsopano, kuti usanakhale tsiku ndi tsiku ndi bwino mawu. zikuchokera awo zikusintha, ena neologisms pa mizu ya chinenero cha Chirasha, pamene ena - ayi. Choncho, mawu akuti "Kanema" pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi neologism. Chaka chilichonse, atolankhani ntchito zikwizikwi mawu atsopano ndi mfundo, koma si onse amene ali mu ntchito tsiku lililonse. Ena ntchito kamodzi kokha mawu kapena lemba ndi ena m'gulu kapangidwe ndi chinenero, monga ntchito mobwerezabwereza, kutaya zachilendo awo. Zina mawu atsopano, kulephera ngakhale kulowa waukulu lexical thumba, Anagwa mwa ntchito ndi kale lotha (monga tsoka, mwachitsanzo, chilankhulidwe cha zaka pambuyo chosintha: mokakamizidwa maphunziro, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).

Njira mawu atsopano

mawu achikale ndipo neologisms Russian chinenero - chidwi kwambiri chodabwitsa. Makamaka chidwi kudziwa mmene pali mfundo zatsopano. Zidzachitika mu njira zingapo:

- mapangidwe lexical neologism (latsopano akuti) kuchokera alipo mu morphemes chinenero ndi mawu zitsanzo alipo: drywall, galimoto, ndi CHIKWANGWANI kuwala;

- pobwereka mawu achilendo ndi mapangidwe wotsatira chinenero chake zatsopano zitsanzo wogwila mawu mapangidwe: ndi sikana, aone, aone;

- mapangidwe lexical tanthauzo latsopano la akuti alipo m'chinenero (mu lingaliro la mawu akuitanidwira neologisms zamalankhulidwe), wochokera ku kuphatikizapo kupyolera kutsatira matanthauzo a mawu a chinenero china: mbewa - chipangizo izi kuti mudziwe kompyuta athandizira, ndi nyama; Winchester - chipangizo ichi kwa kusunga kompyuta, ndi mfuti;

- mapangidwe osakaniza ena khola ndi phindu latsopano (kuphatikizapo kufufuza za): mavabodi, ndi chosungira.

Archaisms ndi historicism

Pakati disused mawu archaisms wakutali historicism. mawu achikale ndipo neologisms, zitsanzo zomwe zalembedwa mu nkhani iyi, ndi tsoka osiyana.

Izo zimatengera ntchito zawo kulankhula, osati "m'badwo": otchedwa zofunika mfundo yofunika komanso mawu mulibe msinkhu kwa zaka zambiri, pamene ena mofulumira kwambiri archaizing, tileke ntchito monga zinthu okha, deta anatchula mawu zikawoneka. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo maphunziro m'dziko lathu zasintha chake wolankhula wapita, mawu monga dona ozizira, Institute for Noble Atsikana, sukulu, realist (mu tanthauzo la "sukulu mwana sekondale").

Lingaliro la "historicism"

maina antchito zinafa zachikunja, zinthu ndi zochitika za kulankhula otchedwa historicism. Onse mawu pamwamba amanena kuti onsewa. mawu awa zatenga mu chinenero chathu, udindo wapadera, chifukwa ndi zizindikiro chabe wa zinthu achikale. Mu historicism Choncho, palibe ofanana. Mu ntchito zaluso, mabuku a mbiri yakale, iwo n'kogwiritsa ntchito zakale za anthu, monga iwo chimathandiza reconstituted kukoma kwa nyengo makamaka. mawu izi makhalidwe zodalirika mbiri za Ufumu yapita.

Choncho, historicism - simau amene timalankhura asiya ntchito chifukwa chakuti iwo kuima chodabwitsa anatha ndi zinthu: odula, bursa, posadnik. Iwo ntchito makamaka mu malemba osiyanasiyana pofotokoza kale (onse luso la sayansi).

Lingaliro la "archaism"

Archaisms - mawu kuti agwera malire chabe chifukwa iwo amatchedwa, alipo ndipo lero chododometsa, zinthu ndiponso mfundo pali mayina atsopano. Kusiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya iwo, malingana ndi mtundu wanji wa mbali ya mawu ndi akale:

- lexical, ngati mawu akale osatinso amagwiritsa phokoso-kalata zovuta, ndi mtengo tsopano amatchedwa latsopano botolo la mawu a;

- zamalankhulidwe - mu nkhani kumene mawu aliko, koma wataya phindu kapena angapo ( "mimba Mzere") m'chilankhulo cha makono;

- phonetic - ngati inu kusintha mawonekedwe cha phokoso la liwu, m'mawu akulemba ( "zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu");

- mawu mapangidwe - pamene lotha yokha derivational kapangidwe ka mawu ( "akungotuluka poizoni");

- galamala - ngati mwa ntchito mitundu ina kalembedwe.

Archaisms chilichonse kwenikweni kwa historicism mosiyana. Ngati yotsirizira - maina a nkhani ena achikulire, choyamba - achikulire maina mfundo wamba ndi zochitika amene timakumana nawo tsiku ndi tsiku.

mitundu ya archaisms

Pakati archaisms akhoza kusiyanitsa magulu akutiakuti a mawu. Ena mwa iwo ndi osiyana ndi ofanana matanthauzo awo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa zinthu zenizeni mu phokoso, phokoso ma nepolnoglasnymi (mnyamata - akale, golide - golide, mzinda - matalala Beach - Breg, akhwangwala - Vrana, mawu wachiwiri awiriawiri deta kuwomba chachikale chinkawavuta). mawu awa akutchedwa lotha archaisms phonetic. Zikuphatikizapo mawu monga klob (kalabu mawu amakono) liwerengedwa (chiwerengero), Stora (nsalu), goshpital (kuchipatala) ndi mawu ena inatha ndi mawu mu chinenero cha Chirasha, amene angapezeke mu olemba ndi ndakatulo za zana la 19. Ku "Otsutsa", iwo nthawi zambiri amasiyana mawu amodzi okha, osachepera - pang'ono za izo tsopano lotha kapena ka.

Monga mukuonera pa zitsanzo, mawu disused ndi osiyana digiri ya chachikale chinkawavuta ake: mawu ena amagwiritsa ntchito kulankhula, monga olemba ndakatulo ndi ena, kudziwika kwa ife yekha pa ntchito za mabuku a m'nthawi zakale. Pali anthu lero amene aiwala.

A chodabwitsa chidwi kwambiri - ndi archaism matanthauzo ena mawu.

The chifukwa cha izo ndi zikamera wa tanthauzo, kapena zamalankhulidwe, archaisms, mwachitsanzo mawu ntchito ndi lotha, zachilendo kwa ife. chidziwitso chawo kumathandiza chinenerochi woona wa mabuku.

Kodi neologisms

Takambirana kale anayankha funso zimene neologisms zitsanzo za amene anatchula ife pamwamba. Tsopano ife tikupeza momwe iwo amaoneka chinenero cha Chirasha. Kodi akubwera msanga: archaisms ndi neologisms? Dziwani izi.

Mlingo wa maonekedwe a zigawo maganizo a mawu, mawu achikale ndipo neologisms zitsanzo za zimene akufuna m'nkhani ino. Zambiri kwambiri ndi mofulumira ndondomeko kubwezeretsa chinenero lexical zikuchokera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, pafupifupi 15-20 zaka, zasintha kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko lathu, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwachindunji pa boma la mawu Russian. Ndi neologisms amene anaonekera pa nthawi ino, monga maphunziro, lomwe kulibe pamaso, osati chinenero mabuku, komanso m'madera ena onse a ntchito (Kupititsa ndi chikhalidwe m'zilembo zinchito masitaelo). Only ndi kukonzanso mu mawu a m'gulu mawu monga Agrobank (ie dziko banki), corporatization (kusinthika mu kampani olowa katundu amakampani boma kudzera issuance ndi kugulitsa m'matangadza zosiyanasiyana), adiresi (wopita kwa gulu lapadera la anthu), antirynochnik (ie kusintha mdani kuti chuma msika), komanso hyperinflation (kufufuma, ndi kukula mofulumira ndi kuopseza kugwa chuma) ndi ena.

mitundu ya neologisms

Monga mukuonera, mawu achikale kusiyana ndi neologisms. Latsopano mawu mayunitsi mu formedness ake mwina mawu umodzi (lesseeship, odana Stalinism, audiotape, ATM, zigawenga) kapena maina pawiri (UFO - UFO, umphawi mzere - enaake a umoyo wa anthu, kupereka ndalama kochepa kugula katundu zinthu zofunika).

neologisms amenewa amaonedwa kukhala lexical. Mwina zidziwike pano pa mawu amene angoyamba kumene akutulukira kuphatikiza mosamala mawu, mwachitsanzo: athe makina osindikizira (ndiko kuyamba kusindikiza zina za pepala ndalama, amene si operekedwa ndi kupanga katundu), popachika Zakudyazi pa makutu (kutanthauza "atchule munthu chosawamvetsa" ) ndi ena.

Lexical ndi phraseological neologisms ndi Zining'a, mawu pawiri ndi mawu.

magulu anayi wa neologisms

Monga mukuonera, ntchito mawu achikale ndi neologisms zosiyana. Pa udindo wa woyamba takambirana kale. mawu onse atsopano pa cholinga zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu anayi.

The woyamba mulinso mayina mfundo ndi zenizeni, zimene kale mu moyo wa anthu kulibe: revivalists - otsatira a Russian kayendedwe-zabodza dziko lawo, kufunafuna kutsitsimutsa ikuyendera ake - zina amapereka, woimira mawonekedwe zina chithandizo kufufuza kwasayansi ndi ena.

Gulu lachiwiri la neologisms analenga kutifotokozera kale chikuchitika mu moyo wapoyera, koma sanalandire zifukwa zina, monga maganizo, mayina awo: vozvraschenets - mwaufulu anabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo kwawo, si milandu - amene ali kunja Kuthi ndi Lenin, lamulo malamulo neri Al.

Gulu lachitatu tichipeza akuloza chenicheni, mu moyo weniweniwo kulibe, koma n'zotheka kukhumbira ntchito mu pofuna kukwaniritsa luso ndi sayansi: m'mlengalenga, yozizira nyukiliya, ndi cyborg.

Wachinayi ndi lomaliza gulu wopangidwa mwa zinthu lexical, kutsanzira mawu ndi zina lexical tanthauzo. Zikuphatikizapo ideographic (zonse) ofanana matanthauzo, zofanana mu mtundu ndi phindu stylistic: woganiza - kulemetsedwa, statist - statists, mbiri yakale - fateful, pafupifupi kapolo kugonjera - motsimikiza.

Mezhstilevaya ndi osamvetseka kwa kalembedwe zina za kulankhula, neologisms

Neologisms ntchito m'munda makamaka mezhstilevaya, kuti ntchito zonse masitayilo mawu (Intergirl, image, case, yogurt, osachita, owolowa manja, demokalase mankhwala osokoneza bongo, yapakati-banki). Komabe, gawo ena a kalembedwe awo achilendo makamaka: publicistic (wakhalidwe losalongosoka, rollback, mankhwala Ambuye, integrator, bwino), Scientific (biolokator aura, Mpweya umene dzenje, radioecology, choyerekeza) malonda (wogulitsa depositary zachilengedwe okhawo) kapena kunenedwa (xero, uve, ndalama, wakunyengeza, tsoka, sefani).

Ife tidamuyankha ndi kufunsa zomwe ndi mawu achikale ndipo neologisms. Zitsanzo za izi kungapangitse osiyana kwambiri, m'nkhani ino anazilemba ena okha a iwo. Ndipotu anthu ndipo ena kuimira kwambiri chinenero thupi. Pali ngakhale otanthauzira wapadera, mungapeze zitsanzo zina za mawu achikale ndipo neologisms.