Mbali yaikulu ya duwa - ndi ... mbali yaikulu ya duwa: pistil ndi stamens

Botanists kuti anayesedwa mitundu yoposa 360 zikwi pakati pa zomera maluwa. Ndipo nkhani imeneyi ndi sanamalize. Maluwa zimapezeka ku kotentha kuti Titafika pamalo a - mu mabacteria onse nyengo ya dzikoli. Iwo ali paliponse: m'chipululu, nkhalango, steppes, m'madambo ndi nyanja, pa gombe ndi okwera. Izi chomera amapanga zambiri za nkhani ya biosphere lapansi. Chifukwa iwo anapanga zomera zakudya - dzinthu, masamba kwambiri ndi zipatso, zipatso ndi mtedza.

Chofunika kwambiri angiosperms ndi (maluwa dzina wachiwiri) ndi maluwa. Mbali yaikulu ya duwa - ndi pistil ndi stamens. Chifukwa njira zovuta za kubereketsa zomera ndiponso umuna, ndi chotenga mbali mbewu mawonekedwe - kupitiriza moyo ndi zamoyo wa zomera pa dziko.

Flower: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

zomera apamwamba amapangidwa ndi mizu, umatheka ndi masamba ndi maluwa, amene adzafupikitsidwa ndi kusinthidwa tsinde. Muzu, mapulaniwo ndi masamba - mbali vegetative kuti ali ndi udindo kukula kwa zomera. Flower - zobereka mchitidwe Ziwalo zoberekera. Kawirikawiri, maluwa ndi Ufumuyo pedicels wa - wotchedwa chipangizo mbali ya tsinde popanda masamba. Mu ena zomera peduncles kwina kapena sadzachitanso chionetsedwe. Iwo - sessile maluwa. Peduncle zambiri, kusamukira cholandirira lapansi.

Tikungotchula kuchokera pansi mmwamba, ku peduncle ndi mbali yaikulu ya duwa. cholandirira izi, ndilo maziko a kaikidwe ka zinthu otsala a duwa. Cholandirira kungakhale mosiyanasiyana kwa conical, ngati Magnolia kuti ndege (camomile) kapena ngakhale concave (rosehips), kuyambira ndi chikho, amene anapanga sepals. iwo amakhala obiriwira, koma zikhoza yosiyanasiyana yowala kwambiri. Calyx akhale wosakwatiwa mzere kapena epicalyx anapanga kuchokera kubwera kwachiwiri kwa sepals. Kenako - ndi corolla ya duwa lopangidwa pamakhala. Zosiyanasiyana maluwa corolla lalikulu: mtundu, khungu kwambiri, kukula, chiwerengero, mawonekedwe, makonzedwe mgwirizano, pogawanikana pamawere pamakhala.

Pamodzi, ndi sepals ndi pamakhala amapanga perianth - kuphimba maluwa. Ena zomera maluwa alibe pamakhala, kapena iwo alibe kumasiyana sepals lapansi. Zikatero, ndi perianth ndi yosavuta; umatchedwa awiri ngati sepal ndipo pamakhala. Perianth - wosabala mafuta maluwa. Nchito maluwa anatumizidwa perianth - chitetezo cha carpel (pistil kapena carpel) ndi chitsimikizo kubereketsa zomera. mitundu Bright ndi wokongola fungo corolla kupereka tizilombo kuyendera zomera.

The bracts ndi yachonde, osachepera gawo lalikulu la duwa. Iwo gynoecium, kosavuta - ndi pistil, amene anayamba ovules ndi cholandirira kwa gametophyte (megaspores). Ndi yaikazi Ziwalo zoberekera za duwa. The bracts ndipo ndi mwamuna kugonana limba, ndi structural wagawo omwe - stamen. Pamodzi, stamens akuitanidwira androecium. The stamen Maluwa anapanga microspores. Iwo adzatulutsa mungu mbewu - gametophyte wamwamuna.

Mbali yaikulu ya duwa

The pistil ndi stamens ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, popeza - kufalitsa mwamuna ndi mkazi maselo nyongolosi. Iwo - gametophytes, chinthu chimene tingafunse pa confluence mbewu, ndi zipatso za maluwa. Pistil (carpel zolondola kuwatcha iwo) tichipeza n'kuwasanganiza, ndi ndime (ena maluwa pakokha), ndi manyazi. Mu n'kuwasanganiza kumeneko Ndisanaumbidwe sac ndi chandamale ovules ake. Pamwamba pa danga umatha ndi manyazi, kumene mungu anachedwa. Iwo aumbike mwa stamens ndi (mikrosporolistikah). Chitsanzo stamen imakhala mbali ziwiri: filaments (wosabala, wosabala gawo) ndi lachonde anther (chonde) ntchito.

Monoecious ndi dioecious

Pafupifupi 75% ya mtundu wa angiosperms ndi hermaphroditic (hermaphroditic) maluwa - ali stamens ndi NYENJE. Izi zomera ndi monoecious (Mwachitsanzo - chimanga). Pali zomera zimene anthu ena - ndi maluwa yekha staminate, ndi ena - yekha pistillate. Iwo amatchedwa dioecious (Mwachitsanzo - hemp).

The ndondomeko ya kubereketsa zomera

Mfundo yaikulu ndi kugunda kubereketsa zomera mungu pa manyazi a stamens. Zimakhala kudziletsa kubereketsa zomera, ndi Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za zomwe zimaoneka mu maluwa sanaifotokoze (mitundu ya violets, mtedza, balere). Njira ya chiwiri - mtanda kubereketsa zomera kuti amapezeka kwambiri maluwa. Ena onyamula mungu: mphepo, madzi tizilombo nyerere, mbalame.

awiri umuna

Pa gametes confluence wamwamuna (umuna) kuchokera gamete wamkazi (oocyte) umuna kumachitika. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera pa manyazi a, lonyowa yomata wokoma madzi, utakula mungu stamens. Mu utakula ndichotse kachitsotso kamayamba kukula mungu chubu - yaitali kwambiri ndi woonda kwambiri. Iwo likulowerera mu n'kuwasanganiza pafupi ovules lapansi. Kumapeto kwa machubu awiri Ufumuyo umuna. Ovule, wopangidwa mwa maselo kukhala mkati n'kuwasanganiza lapansi. Dzira liri pafupi pyltsevhodu, amene likulowerera pyltsetrubka. maselo ena yachiwiri, yomwe ili pakati pa n'kuwasanganiza lapansi. Pyltsetrubka bursts ndi onse umuna kuchokera kwa Iwo. Olowera cytoplasm ndi phata mafyuzi ndi dzira, ndi zina - likulowerera mu selo sekondale. Umuna kumachitika ndi dzira akuyamba kugawanitsa mobwerezabwereza, umene akufotokozera nyongolosi ya mbewu. Selo sekondale monga umuna ndipo anayamba kugawa kupanga endosperm - pantry malo okwanira kuti mwana wosabadwayo ndi. Izi ndipamene mbewu.

Mwachidule za ntchito ya maluwa

Maluwa zomera mu zomera za padziko lapansi zatenga malo kawirikawiri chitukuko, komanso pakati pa nyama zomera. Cholinga cha zamoyo zonse - zokulitsa banja awo, kulenga kupitiriza ake. Yemweyo mwachidwi ndi maluwa. ziwalo zawo zoberekera, kuchita ntchito ya kubereka, ndi maluwa. Mbali yaikulu ya duwa - gynoecium izi (munsi) ndi androecium (stamen) zomwe ndi maselo kugonana - gametes. Mu maluwa pambuyo kubereketsa zomera kuti agone - copulation wa gametes. Chifukwa cha awiri umuna wa ovules wa n'kuwasanganiza akufotokozera pakhungu la mbewu ndi malo zakudya. Izi - chiyambi cha moyo watsopano wa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo mwa mabanja a zomera maluwa.