Mfumu ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo la mfumu ndipo anatsimikiza

M'nkhani ino tikambirana tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mfumu" ndi tanthauzo, chifukwa ife zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa. Ndipo kodi mawu izi zikutanthauza, amaganizira ochepa. Mafumu ndi osiyana ndi mafumu? ndi makalata awo chiyani? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Mfumu yoyamba ya Rome

Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi mawu akuti "mfumu" anazindikiritsidwa mu Rome. Choncho dzina lake mkulu wa asilikali achiroma. About amene mfumu iyi ankadziwa chirichonse kuchokera analembedwa kumene usilikali kwa akuluakulu a mayunitsi lalikulu lankhondo. Munthu uyu anali ndi ufulu wopanda malire kusankha kodi zochita za asilikali kwambiri. The tanthauzo kwambiri mawu amachokera ku Latin Mfumu "imperium" kutanthauza "mphamvu kwambiri."

Mfumu yoyamba

Woyamba kudziwa zimene Mfumu, anakhala pansi pa chiroma Scipio Africanus. Pa Wachiwiri Punic nkhondo, inasanduka kupereka udindo itatha yoyamba chigonjetso chachikulu pa mdani. Poyamba okha Senate akhoza kwenikweni amanena ndiye mfumu ndi kusankha chonyamulira cha udindo. Koma kenako ngakhale asilikali wamba akhoza kulengeza ambiri chotero dzina lake lalikulu. Komanso, mutu wa "Mfumu" akazembe Roma kupereka kangapo. Ndiyeno mtundu ankagwiritsa ntchito Imperator II.

Scipio Africanus monyadira ankavala udindo aulemu chifukwa amalemekezedwa pa zochitika m'boma ndipo Senate kulankhula. Komanso, ngati ogonjetsa a Carthage, Scipio moyo analemba kuti mutu pafupi ndi dzina lanu.

Mafumu Caesar and Octavian

Ena nthawi mwambo dzina mafumu ankhondo anakhalabe. Pambuyo mndandanda wa zosafunika mutu pa nthawi yomweyo kuchitira asilikali ochepa. Pang'onopang'ono, mfundo tanthauzo Mfumu, chasintha. Tsopano, mawu anagwiritsidwa ntchito amatanthauza "Anapatsidwa mphamvu wapamwamba," kuphatikizapo nkhondo.

Yuliy Tsezar anali wonyamula zonse mutu Imperator, ndipo nthawizonse analemba pambuyo dzina lake, pamodzi ndi maudindo ena boma. Koma m'malo mwake, Oktavian Avgust anasintha ntchito ya udindo. Tsopano aliyense amadziwa zimene Mfumu Augusto atalamula kulemba udindo pamaso pa dzina lake. zithunzi wake ndi mafano lowani osati monga Imperator Kaisara Divi Julii filius. Tsopano mutu aulemu wa mkulu ndi mtsogoleri anayamba maudindo a olamulira wamkulu.

Mutu wa mfumu mu East Roma

Mfundo zimenezi ndi Mfumu ya anthu Byzantium tadziwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Koma pambuyo kugawa Ufumu wa Roma, anthu a kum'mawa kwa liwu lina munakhala. Bwino mawu akuti "mfumu" linamasuliridwa iwo monga "autocrat" kutanthauza "ndi mphamvu". Autocrat pano, monga ku Roma, anaitana akalonga ndi olamulira. Kenako mutuwu aulemu wadutsa olamulira onse Ufumu wa Byzantine. Mu maonekedwe ake unaltered autocrat anapulumuka mileniamu ndi theka. Mu chinenero chamakono, kotero adayitana munthu anapatsidwa mphamvu zopanda malire.

Pamene mutu wa Mfumu mbisoweka

Zingatanthauze kuti udindo zapamwamba zoyembekezeka moyo wautali. Mu ufumu wa Roma, lililonse mfumu yatsopano kuwonjezera gawo latsopano udindo. Mu Trajan Mwachitsanzo, zinali nzeru zanga zimene mfumu. Anaonetsa kuti mutu wa Imperator, mulole malipiro ake okha usilikali, koma wamba choyamba, ndiko kuti, Princeps.

Kuyambira m'nthawi ya AD chachiwiri, mutu potsiriza anatsimikizira mu kaundula wa wolamulira wamkulu wa mmaudindo ndipo limagwira ntchito kwa zaka 476. Ndipo pamene ufumu wa Diocletian ndipo patapita nthawi wakhala mafumu awiri a Roma, mmodzi wa iwo anali kutchedwa "Kaisara" ndipo lachiwiri - "August". Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha ufumu wa Roma, likulu la onse aiwala zimene Mfumu kwa zaka zingapo.

Mfumu mu Ages Middle

Chitsitsimutso cha mutu wa Mfumu anali pa chiyambi cha 9 m'ma AD. Ichi chinali heyday wa Wachifulanki Ufumu Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa kuti mutu Roma aja pa nthawi ya munthu kwambiri ku Ulaya pa nthawi ya Charlemagne. mutuwu anapatsidwa iye ndi nthumwi ya Mulungu padziko lapansi - Papa Leo III. Choncho, mawu akuti "Ufumu wa Roma", kuwonjezera pa adjective "wopatulika". Choncho, anawonetsedwa kuti boma latsopano la Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma alipo mwa chifuniro ndi lamulo la Mulungu. Bambo ankaona woimira Mulungu padziko lapansi ndi zinthu zauzimu, koma Mfumu anaganiza mafunso aboma madalitso a Mulungu.

Izi oimira Mpingo Western kwambiri adabvuta olamulira Byzantine, chifukwa iwo okha anali ndi ufulu kuvala mutu atagwa Rome. Koma Karl Veliky kudziwa zimene Mfumu. Tanthawuzo la chiphunzitso ichi sanathe kwambiri wosakanikirana wankhondo mwamphamvu mfundo wanzeru.

Pambuyo Karla Velikogo Mfumu Otto anatenga korona. Atadya mutu wa German wobadwa Bishop wa maufumu yaing'ono. mwambo A kutenga udindo wa Mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma ku manja a Catholic Bishop. Apapa Kubwezera kusintha malamulo, kukakamiza mafumu a mayiko ang'onoang'ono German kutsutsa mzake aulemu mutu. Ulemu mzimu kutchedwa Mfumu ya dziko, amene salinso anali pa mapu, kumenyana ndi anafera anthu achotsa malire, kuwononga mzindawo. Koma pambuyo maonekedwe a mapu a ku Ulaya ndi mayiko latsopano wamphamvu mutu wa Mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma anasiya kufunika kwake ndipo mwakachetechete pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinatheratu m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi,

Mafumu a boma Russian

M'zaka za m'ma 18 amene mfumu iyi kukumbukiridwa mu boma Russian. mutuwu anatenga tsars Russian mu 1721. Lamuloli lolingana analengeza ndi Senate ndi Synod pambuyo Pangano la Nystad. Lamulo Tsar Peter anandipempha kuti nditenge mutu watsopano ndipo tsopano akutchedwa "Mfumu ndi Atate Wamkulu wa Dziko Lathu." Chikalatachi anali atagwirizana ndi kutengedwa ndi matupi awiri akuluakulu a ulamuliro Russian: The Senate ankaona nkhani za dziko, ndi Synod nawo mbali zauzimu. Choncho anatsindika kuti mphamvu ya mfumu komanso zakuthupi ndi zauzimu.

Pang'onopang'ono, ndi dzina latsopano adatenga zonse kudziwika nyumba yachifumu ya ku Ulaya. Njira yoyamba kukondwerera akalonga Russian inayamba mu Prussia, Netherlands ndi Sweden. Mfumu Udindo limodzi lililonse mfumu Russian mpaka imfa yawo. media Recent Russian lachifumu mutu anachita kuwomberedwa mu 1918.

French mfumu

M'zaka za m'ma 18 ankalamulidwa ndi mafumu a France. Koma Napoleon Ine dzina limeneli linali losayenera. Monga France lakwawo, wamwalira pansi kusintha, amene mamembala onse a banja lachifumu anatsirizira moyo pa chipika. Choncho, adzatchedwa mfumu ya wankhondo ndi wolamulira wa dziko sanali ndi manja ake. Apa ndi zothandiza mutu wa mfumu: ndipo Mgwirizano pakati pa ufumu wa Charlemagne ndi boma Napoleon a. May 18, 1804 zofanana ndi Napoleon anapatsidwa udindo waukulu. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa kwake ndi kuchotsa mfumu mutu wa mfumu wakale France anagwira. Patapita mwachidule ankadutsa Napoleon III, koma wolamulira anali mfumu mwachidule chifukwa nambala zofooketsa ndale. Pambuyo pa kukhala mutsogoleli wadziko Republic mutu anawonongedwa mu kusagwiritsiridwa kwake.

Mfumu ya Austria-Hungary

Mu 1804 akubwera ufumu wina pa mapu European. Franz anafuna kuti amasule Italy boma French ndi kugonjetsa lonse kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Habsburg lachifumu. Austria Franz kenako anatenga udindo wa "utumwi" Mfumu ndi analenga ufumu winanso - Austria-Hungary.

Ufumu wa British

Pamodzi ndi chokhala maufumu European lilipo kwa kanthawi, ndipo ena. Mwachitsanzo, England anayamba kudzitcha maufumu British kale mu 1583, pamene kulamulira la North America inatha. Ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya madera American la England sanataye kukopa kwake ndi kupitiriza kupereka ndondomeko lonse. Mu 1876, Britain linalanda katundu Indian, monga Koroleva Viktoriya analandira udindo wa Mfumukazi ya India. Mphamvu ya ufumu English ambiri padziko lonse - zikunenedwa kuti pa Britain dzuwa sililowa.

Panali maufumu m'madera ena a dziko. Mwachitsanzo, za amene mfumu anali odziwika mu Mexico. Pali malamulo pamene Maximilian I. Panali mafumu ku Haiti, Brazil ndi ku mayiko ena.

The First World nkhondo anawononga maziko onse alipo dongosolo la dziko. mfundo Imperial zinatha, ndi mafumu kwambiri. dziko lasintha, mafumu ndi m'mbuyomu, ndipo mudziwe zambiri za iwo zitha kukhala wa nkhani, mabuku kapena mafilimu pa nkhani za mbiri yakale.