Kuphulika kwakukulu ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Zinsinsi za Chilengedwe: Kodi chinali chiani m'mlengalenga pamaso pa Big Bang?

Ngakhale asayansi amakono sangathe kunena motsimikiza zomwe zinali m'chilengedwe pamaso pa Big Bang. Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimasonyeza chophimba chachinsinsi pafunso limodzi lovuta kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse.

Chiyambi cha zinthu zakuthupi

Mpaka zaka za m'ma 2000, panali ziphunzitso ziwiri zokha za chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Otsatira malingaliro achipembedzo amakhulupirira kuti dziko linalengedwa ndi Mulungu. Osayansi, m'malo mwake, anakana kuvomereza chilengedwe chopangidwa ndi munthu. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo anali kumbali ya lingaliro lakuti cosmos nthawizonse inalipo, dziko linali lokhazikika ndipo chirichonse chidzakhala chimodzimodzi ndi mabiliyoni a zaka zapitazo.

Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo kunapangitsa kuti ochita kafukufuku akhale ndi mwayi wophunzira malo apakati. Ena a iwo anali oyamba kuyesa kuyankha funsolo, chomwe chinali ku Chilengedwe pamaso pa Big Bang.

Kafukufuku wa Hubble

Zaka za zana la makumi awiri zinathetsa malingaliro ambiri akale. Pa malo osandulika, zizindikiro zatsopano zinayambira, kufotokoza zinsinsi zosadziwika mpaka pano. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi mfundo yakuti asayansi atsimikizira za kukula kwa chilengedwe chonse. Izi zinachitika ndi Edwin Hubble. Anapeza kuti milalang'amba yakutali imasiyana mosiyana ndi magulu awo a zakuthambo omwe anali pafupi ndi Dziko lapansi. Kupezeka kwa lamuloli kunayambira maziko a lamulo lokulitsa kwa Edwin Hubble.

Kuphulika kwakukulu ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe zinaphunziridwa pamene zinawonekeratu kuti milalang'amba yonse "imathawa" kuchokera kwa woyang'anira, ziribe kanthu komwe iye anali. Zingatheke bwanji izi? Popeza milalang'amba ikuyenda, imatanthawuza kuti imathamangira patsogolo ndi mphamvu zina. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo awerengetsera kuti dziko lonse lapansi linali limodzi panthawi yomweyi. Chifukwa cha kukakamiza kwina, iwo anayamba kusuntha kumbali zonse ndi liwiro losayembekezereka.

Chodabwitsa ichi chidatchedwa "Big Bang". Ndipo chiyambi cha chilengedwe chinafotokozedwa molondola ndi chithandizo cha chiphunzitso cha chochitika ichi chokhalitsa. Kodi zinachitika liti? Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adziŵira kufulumira kwa kayendetsedwe ka milalang'amba ndipo adapeza ndondomeko yomwe adawerengera pamene "kukankhira" koyamba kunkachitika. Palibe amene angatchule mayina enieni, koma zochitika izi zinachitika pafupi zaka 15 biliyoni zapitazo.

Kutuluka kwa lingaliro la Big Bang

Mfundo yakuti milalang'amba yonse ndiyo magwero a kuwala imatanthauza kuti mphamvu zambiri zinatulutsidwa pa Kuphulika Kwakukulu. Ndi iye yemwe anabala kuwala komwe dziko lapansi linatayika patali patali pa zomwe zinachitika. Chiphunzitso cha Big Bang chinatsimikiziridwa koyamba ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo a ku America Robert Wilson ndi Arno Penzias. Iwo adapeza magetsi opangira magetsi, kutentha kwake komwe kunali madigiri atatu pa mlingo wa Kelvin (ndiko, -270 Celsius). Kupeza uku kunatsimikizira lingaliro lakuti poyamba poyamba chilengedwe chinali kutentha kwambiri.

Lingaliro la Big Bang linayankha mafunso ambiri omwe anapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Koma tsopano pali zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, nchiyani chomwe chinali m'chilengedwe pamaso pa Big Bang? Nchifukwa chiyani zimakhala zosagwirizana kwambiri, komabe ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa chinthucho chiyenera kufalitsidwa mosagwirizana? Zomwe akatswiri a Wilson ndi Arno anazipeza zinkayikira kuti kalembedwe kake ka Euclidean, chifukwa kanatsimikiziridwa kuti malowa ndi ophulika.

Malingaliro opatsirana

Mafunso atsopano akusonyeza kuti lingaliro lamakono la kutuluka kwa dziko lapansi ndiloling'ana ndi losakwanira. Komabe, kwa nthawi yaitali zinkawoneka kuti sikutheka kusamukira kutseguka kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Ndipo kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri wa asayansi watilola ife kukhazikitsa mfundo yatsopano yofunikira kwa fizikia ya sayansi. Ichi chinali chodabwitsa cha kukula kwakukulu kofulumira kwa chuma cha chilengedwe. Anaphunzira ndi kufotokozedwa mothandizidwa ndi chidziwitso cha nthenda ya quantum ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha Einstein.

Kotero nchiyani chomwe chinali mu chilengedwe pamaso pa Big Bang? Sayansi yamakono imatcha nthawi imeneyi "kutsika kwa madzi." Poyamba panali munda wodzaza malo onse olingalira. Zingafanizidwe ndi snowball yomwe ili pamtunda wa phiri la chisanu. Com idzagwera pansi ndi kuonjezera kukula. Momwemonso, munda unasintha mawonekedwe ake chifukwa cha kusasintha kwapadera kwa nthawi yosawerengeka.

Pamene kasinthidwe kasunifomu kanakhazikitsidwa, chinachitika. Lili ndi zilembo zazikulu kwambiri zakuthambo. Chinali chiyani chisanafike Big Bang? Munda wamtengo wapatali, womwe sunali wofanana ndi nkhaniyi. Zitatha izi, chilengedwe chinayamba kukula. Ngati tipitiriza kufanana ndi snowball, ndiye atatha yoyamba iyenso mabala ena a snowball adagwedezeka pansi, komanso kukula kwake. Nthaŵi ya Big Bang m'dongosolo lino ikhoza kufanizidwa ndi nthawi yomwe chimwala chachikulu chinagwera kuphompho ndipo potsirizira pake chidawombana ndi dziko lapansi. Panthawi imeneyo mphamvu yochuluka inapatsidwa. Izo sizingatheke mpaka pano. Ndi chifukwa cha kupitiriza kwa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kumene dziko lathu likukula lerolino.

Nkhani ndi munda

Tsopano chilengedwe chimakhala ndi nyenyezi zosawerengeka ndi nyenyezi zina zakuthambo. Izi zili ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi lamulo la kusamalira mphamvu. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Chofunika kwambiri cha mfundo imeneyi chikuwongolera kuwona kuti kwa nthawi yopanda malipiro a mphamvu mu dongosolo sakhala osasinthika. Koma izi zingagwirizanitsidwe bwanji ndi chilengedwe chathu, chomwe chikupitiriza kukula?

Malingaliro a inflationary anatha kuyankha funsoli. Zozizwitsa zoterezi ndizosowa kwambiri. Chinali chiyani chisanafike Big Bang? Mavuto a inflationary. Pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa dziko m'malo mwake kunakhala kovuta kwa ife. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa izo, palinso mphamvu yokoka m'chilengedwe chonse chomwe chiri ndi mphamvu yoipa. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu ziwirizi zikutsutsana. Choncho, mphamvu zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuchokera ku particles, nyenyezi, mapulaneti ndi zina zimapindula. Ubalewu umalongosolanso chifukwa chake chilengedwe sichinasinthidwe kukhala dzenje lakuda.

Pamene Big Bang inangochitika, dziko linali lochepa kuti chirichonse chisawonongeke. Tsopano, pamene chilengedwe chinafalikira, mabowo akuda a mderalo anaonekera pazigawo zake zosiyana. Munda wawo umakhudza chirichonse chozungulira iwo. Kuchokera pamenepo, ngakhale kuwala sikungathawe. Kwenikweni chifukwa cha izi, mabowo amenewa amakhala akuda.

Kukula kwa Chilengedwe

Ngakhale ngakhale maziko a chiphunzitso cha inflation, sichidziwikiratu momwe dziko lapansi linayang'ana pamaso pa Big Bang. Maganizo a anthu sangathe kulingalira chithunzi ichi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti gawo la inflationary ndi losaoneka. Silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi malamulo omwe nthawi zambiri amapanga.

Pamene Big Bang inkachitika, munda wa inflationary unayamba kuwonjezeka pamtunda umene unadutsa kuthamanga kwa kuwala. Malingana ndi zizindikiro zakuthupi, palibe chinthu chilichonse chomwe chikhoza kuyenda mofulumira kuposa chizindikiro ichi. Kuwala kukufalikira kudutsa dziko lapansi lomwe liripo ndi nambala zosavomerezeka. Munda wa inflationli wakula mofulumira kwambiri, chifukwa cha zomwe sizinthu zakuthupi.

Kukula kwa chilengedwe pamaso pa Big Bang kunali kakang'ono. Poyeza kukula kwake, akatswiri a masamu amayenera kukhazikitsa ziwerengero. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chachikulu cha chiyanjano, woyang'anitsitsa mkati mwa zinthu zakuthupi sangathe kuwona zomwe zikuchitika kunja kwake. Lamulo limeneli likufikira zomwe zinalipo kale Big Bang m'chilengedwe chonse. Chithunzi m'mabukhu a zojambula zakuthambo chingangosonyeza fano la ojambula.

Particles ndi antiparticles

Chilengedwe chachulukitsa kwambiri moti ngakhale kuwala sikukhala ndi nthawi kuti ifike kumadera akutali kwambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, gawo la inflationary kunja kwa dziko lapansi likupitirirabe, ngakhale kuti silingatheke kwa munthu amene akukhala m'dzikoli. Chilengedwe chokulitsa chikuzizira pamene chikukula. Kutentha kwa dzuwa kumadumpha, chifukwa mphamvu ya mawonekedwe imakhala yayikulu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pa izo.

Chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe pamaso pa Big Bang chinali chofanana. Koma pamene izo zinayamba kuwonjezeka, zinthu zatsopano ndi particles zinkawonekera mmenemo. Izi ndi quarks, neutron, proton, electron ndi mafoto. Palinso antiparticles, chiŵerengero chake sichingakhoze kufanana ndi chiwerengero cha tinthu tating'ono. Ngati izi zidachitika, ndiye kuti dziko lonse lapansi lidzawonongedwa palokha.

Chilengedwe chachita zonse zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti chiwerengero cha particles chinali chachikulu kuposa chiwerengero cha antiparticles. Chifukwa cha ubale umenewu, pali zinthu zakuthupi. Miyezi yambiri yomwe imapitirira kufalikira kudutsa mlengalenga, inayamba ngati zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa mitundu ina ya particles ndi antiparticles. Mu lexicon lexicon izi ndondomeko amatchedwa kuwonongedwa. Patapita nthawi, mphamvu za CMB zimachepa. Tsopano ili pafupi pafupifupi zikwi khumi kuposerapo ndondomeko yofananamo ya pulasitiki yaikulu ya particles.

Kuyamba kwa malamulo a thupi

Pamene zaka zakuthambo zinkafika mphindi imodzi, ma neutroni ndi mapulotoni anayamba kugwirizana mu helium, tritium ndi deuterium. Izi ndizo zinthu zoyamba zomwe zinayambira mu dziko lapansi. Njira yothandizirayi inali chifukwa cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya. M'zaka za m'ma 1900, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anaphunzira chodabwitsa ichi ndipo adaphunzira momwe angazigwiritsire ntchito. Popeza mphamvu ya nyukiliya ikupanga mphamvu zochulukirapo, umunthu wapangitsa kuti izi zitheke pazinthu zachuma. Panali zomera za nyukiliya. Masiku ano akuyambitsa zikwi za mizinda.

Zida za nyukiliya zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida. Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, a ku America poyamba adagwetsa mabomba a atomiki ku Japan. Kuopsa kwa mliriwo kunangokhala kugawa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu. Koma ziwerengero zomwe zili ku Hiroshima ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi zomwe zinkachitika m "maminiti oyambirira a dziko lapansi.

Chifukwa chakuti asayansi amasiku ano amadziwa zambiri za mphamvu za nyukiliya zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chuma ndi nkhondo, ochita kafukufuku adatha kubwezeretsa chithunzithunzi cha momwe dziko lapansi linalili asanafike Big Bang. Pogwiritsira ntchito masamu, anawerengetsera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zinayambira maminiti oyambirira pambuyo poyambira zomwe zimachitika mu gawo la inflationary.

Mfundo ina ndi yodabwitsa. Ziwerengero zonse za asayansi, zozikidwa pa zizindikiro zamakono za chirengedwe, zinali zogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha maonekedwe a chilengedwe chonse. "Mwadzidzidzi" izi zikusonyeza kuti malamulo a fizikiya ayamba kuchitapo kanthu panthawi yomwe dziko lapansi likuoneka. Kuchokera apo, mayina onse osasintha sanasinthe. Iwo akuchita tsopano. Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza kunena za chiphunzitso cha Einstein chogwirizana. Chikhalidwe chosatsutsika cha malamulo chimatsogolera ntchito ya asayansi kuyesera kumvetsa zomwe zinalipo kale ndi Big Bang m'chilengedwe chonse.

Chiyambi cha milalang'amba

Pothandizidwa ndi lingaliro la Big Bang, asayansi anatha kufotokoza chiyambi cha milalang'amba. Dziko likayamba kuonekera, mtunda wonse mkati mwake unakula kwambiri. Komabe, m'madera ena njirayi inakhala ndi maonekedwe apadera. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kuti mu malo osiyanasiyana malo mphamvu ya mphamvu yapamwamba inali yabwino kwambiri.

Chifukwa chaichi, m'madera ena a chilengedwe chimodzi chachikulu, pali mitundu yambiri yazinthu. Ntchitoyi inafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi asayansi a ku America a m'zaka za zana la 20. Mu mawonekedwe apamwamba a sayansi, chiphunzitsocho chinafotokozedwa mu mndandanda wa mafilimu "Dziko Lonse Pambuyo pa Big Bang. Pambuyo pa chinsinsi. "

Kumadera okhala ndi mphamvu zamphamvu, kutentha kunasintha kwambiri. Chodabwitsa ichi chinali chizindikiro cha kupanikizika kwa nkhani ndi masewera. Nthawi ya inflationary inayambitsa malo ndi kuchulukitsitsa. Pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa chilengedwe, malo osungirako mphamvu adakhudza maderawa ndi kuwonjezeka. Apa panali magulu a magulu omwe anayambira - magulu a nyenyezi omwe amapanga mapulaneti. Dziko Lathu Lapansili limalowa m'dongosolo lino. Zimayendetsa nyenyezi yake (Sun) ndipo imalowa mumlalang'amba wa Milky Way.

Dziko Loyamba la Zonse

Nthaŵi yamakono ya chisinthiko cha chilengedwe ndi yabwino koposa kukhalapo kwa moyo. Asayansi amavutika kuti adziwe kuti nthawi yayitali idzakhala yotani. Koma ngati wina adatenga ziwerengero zimenezi, ziwerengerozo zinali zosachepera mazana mabiliyoni a zaka. Kwa moyo umodzi waumunthu, gawo lotere ndi lalikulu kwambiri moti ngakhale mu masamu mathati ayenera kulembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito madigiri. Zamakono zaphunziridwa bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi chiyambi cha chilengedwe chonse. Chomwe chinakhalapo chachikulu kwa Big Bang, mulimonsemo chingakhale nkhani yokhudza kufufuza kwapadera ndi kuwerengera molimba mtima.

M'dziko lapansi, ngakhale nthawi imakhalabe yamtengo wapatali. Mwachitsanzo, nkhwima (mtundu wa zinthu zakuthambo), yomwe ili kutali kwambiri ndi zaka 14 biliyoni zowala kuchokera ku Dziko lapansi, zakhala zikuchoka kumbuyo kwathunthu "tsopano" ndi zaka 14 biliyoni. Kusiyana kwa nthawiyi kuli kwakukulu. N'zovuta kudziwa ngakhale masamu, osatchula kuti n'kosatheka kulingalira chinthu choterocho mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro aumunthu (ngakhale oposa kwambiri).

Sayansi yamakono ikhoza kufotokozera tokha moyo wonse wa dziko lathu lapansi, kuyambira ndi magawo oyamba a masekondi a kukhalako, pamene Big Bang yangochitika kumene. Mbiri yonse ya chilengedwe ikuwonjezeredwa mpaka pano. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amapeza zinthu zatsopano zodabwitsa mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo zamakafukufuku zamakono komanso zamakono (ma telescopes, ma laboratories, ndi zina zotero).

Komabe, pakadalibe zozizwitsa zosadziwika. Mwachitsanzo, malo oyerawo ndi nkhani yamdima komanso mphamvu zake zakuda. Chofunika kwambiri cha misala yochulukayi ikupitiriza kuchititsa chidziwitso cha akatswiri ophunzira kwambiri komanso apamwamba kwambiri masiku ano. Kuonjezera apo, panalibe lingaliro limodzi pa zifukwa zomwe zidakalipo particles m'chilengedwe kuposa antiparticles. Pachifukwa ichi, malingaliro angapo ofunika apangidwa. Zina mwa mafanowa ndi otchuka kwambiri, koma palibe mwazinthu zomwe zavomerezedwa ndi gulu la sayansi padziko lonse monga choonadi chosatsutsika.

Poganizira za chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chonse ndi zozizwitsa zazikulu za zaka mazana makumi awiri, mipata iyi ikuwoneka yopanda phindu. Koma mbiri ya sayansi imasonyeza nthawi zonse kuti kufotokozera kwa "zochepa" zoona ndi zochitikazo zimakhala maziko a chiwonetsero chonse cha mtundu wa anthu pankhani ya chilango mwachidziwikire (pakali pano tikukamba za zakuthambo). Kotero, mibadwo yotsatira ya asayansi, ndithudi, idzakhala ndi chinachake chochita ndi zomwe zidzapeze mmunda wodziwa chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe.