Mfundo zimene nthaka otchedwa mizati malo osiyanasiyana? Mfundo yaikulu, ndipo wakuta dziko lonse lapansi

Dziko lapansi lili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, kapena kani, ndi pang'ono flattened pa m'mbali pa mfundo mitengo yake yonyamulira. Koma si makamaka noticeable pa dziko, chifukwa amaganiza kuti dziko lapansi - ndi dera, ndipo pamwamba pake akutengedwa ngati ozungulira.

Chodetsa Earth meridians ndi kufanana kwake kunapangitsa kuti molondola kudziwa ndondomeko ya chinthu chilichonse choyenda (ndege, mitambo ya mvula), kapena amene ali ndi malo ena mu dziko (mzinda, chilumba). Iwo anapereka kwambiri phindu kwa zinthu zonse akusuntha mu mlengalenga. Kale, anthu ankatsogoleredwa ndi nyenyezi, pa malo a dzuwa mu mlengalenga. Sanali enieni kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, ngati inu mwadzidzidzi nokha pa chilumba kuchipululu ayi ozoloŵereka m'miyoyo yathu - mafoni, mapiritsi, makope, motero, popanda Intaneti, popanda kuyenda panyanja, ndi zinthu zina, kuti zingakhale bwino kudziwa anthu "kovuta" njira kuwerengetsa ndondomeko.

Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo navigation, amene adzalowa ndondomeko anakhumba ndi Autopilot zipangizo adzakhala angathe kusamukira kumene mukufuna, popanda munthu. Koma zinthu oyamba. Taganizirani mfundo yaikulu ndi circumference a dziko lapansi.

A pang'ono nkhani za m'mbiri

Mafunso za ndondomeko ya amasamala za maganizo a anthu kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale pamaso yathu ino. Asayansi chapadera pa njira ya chitukuko cha ntchito dongosolo anali Hipparchus ndi Ptolemy. Anthu amenewa ankakhala wachiwiri ndipo panadutsa zaka BC, koma Komabe, popeza molondola kulekana angathe kudziwa ndondomeko ya nyenyezi. Awa adali anthu womveka a m'nthawi yake, wamphamvu malo ndi zakuthambo. Zinali iwo amene anayambitsa mfundo zimene ife tsopano amawatcha ntchito dongosolo, ndi cha ntchito yawo kale kukhala bwino kuti ndondomeko lawolawo. Pa nthawiyo, anthu awa sankadziwa kuti Earth chimazungulira dzuwa. Hipparchus anali akufuna kuti padziko lathuli tinganene kuti malo angwiro, ndipo chitsanzo chake anafotokozera zapansi osiyana pa masamu ozungulira.

Globe - chitsanzo molondola kwambiri za Earth

Ndi kupyolera lonse, mukuziona ndondomeko ya dziko lililonse, chilumba kapena chinthu china. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo chophweka njira akuonetsedwa chimene chimapanga meridians ndi kufanana mizati chirengedwe mfundo zina ndi mizere ya dziko lapansi.

Mwa njira, lonse woyamba analengedwa kalekale, ngakhale pamaso yathu ino, ndi kukhala mabokosi a Mallus mu 150 BC, pa nthawi yomweyo, pamene Hipparchus ndi Ptolemy moyo. Kumene, lonse akhoza kusonyeza zinthu zonse pang'ono, koma ambiri amalola mwangwiro kufotokoza nkhani yonse, amene ali dziko lathuli, ndipo anasonyeza ndendende Mwachitsanzo, Msikiti padziko alitcha mizati enieni

Padziko lapansi n'zosavuta kuona pamene pali dziko, nyanja, nyanja, mayiko, kapena ngakhale malo a mpumulo awo. Izo zimatengera chimene akufotokozedwa mlengi a dziko. Zimakhala mwangwiro zandale ndipo chigawo cha dziko lonselo mu dziko, ndipo ndi chizindikiro chosonyeza chinthu chachikulu monga nyanja. Ambiri mwina, adzakhala kakang'ono kukongoletsa lonse. Kuphunzitsa toyesa ali ndi mfundo zambiri zokhudza mzati malo osiyanasiyana ndi malo Hrs mbali iliyonse ya dziko.

Ambiri, pali magawo atatu mwa zomwe zimaonetsa Lapansi ntchito mawu linalake. Chifukwa kuyang'ana pa mfundo zazikulu, mizere ndi ndege pa dziko lapansili.

ndi olamulira dziko lapansi Kodi

Kodi pali kutenga dziko kwa mpirawo, zimaonekeratu kuti iye ali ndi mzere chotero, chomwe chiri mu chithunzi stereometric ndi malangizo. Ndi chiyani icho? mzere uwu, umene uli awiri, ndi Kukhazikika mukukonzeratu mozungulira amene amalenga wonse semicircle dera. Kodi awiri poyerekeza ndi padziko alitcha olamulira. Izi mzere kungoganiza, amene si kwenikweni, koma uko zikuchitika kasinthasintha tsiku, ndipo amaganiza kuti umadutsa ndi North ndi South Zitsulo.

The mitengo yonyamulira ya Dziko Lapansi

mfundo zimene nthaka otchedwa mizati malo osiyanasiyana? Kuti awa ndi lowopsya ozizira bwinja kumpoto ndi kum'mwera mizati. Masamu olimba ndi zimene amatchedwa "malo osiyanasiyana mzati" - mfundo imene dziko lapansi olamulira (opendekera ozungulira thupi) intersects ndi dera la. Yotsirizira mu nkhani iyi ndi padziko lapansi.

Kudzera mizati awiriwa meridians zonse, zimene tikambirana pansipa.

ndi kufanana kotani

Kuwonjezera ankamuona ngati dera ndi dziko lapansi kumatanthauza kuposa mu nkhani iyi ndi kufanana. Ngati tingayerekezere kuti dziko, monga dziko, ndi pakati, olamulira a Dziko Lapansi adzadutsa ndi kugawa m'magulu awiri ofanana, ngati awiri pa radii.

Ngati ife tiyandikira ndege ena amene ali pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ufulu olamulira, ndiye mudzawoloka kuchuluka kwa ena circumference, i.e. pa mzere lapansi wotchedwa yomweyi. Kufanana ndi m'mimba mwake wamkulu umadutsa pakatikati pa Dziko Lapansi lonse, lomwe ndi bwalo lalikulu ndi equator imatchedwa. Iwo ukugawa dera mu hemispheres awiri ofanana. mabwalo onse ofanana kuti analengedwa ndi ndege perpendicular kwa olamulira a umatchedwanso kufanana, koma ndi mabwalo kwakung'ono kuyerekeza ndi dziko. mzere A kudutsa mizati enieni amatchedwa meridians. Mwa njira, chifukwa cha equator dziko lathu lagawidwa pawiri - kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. Choncho, pali mizati dera limene dziko lapansi, amene dzina lake malinga kaya iwo ali mbali ina ya dziko.

meridian

Ngati inu yambiri ndege mwa chitsulo chogwira matayala palokha ndipo mwa mizati, timapeza chifukwa cha bwalo, wotchedwa "zonse meridian." meridians onse kutalika ngati chindunji kudzera ndi mfundo awiri mu ndege osiyana. kusintha okha malo awo.

Dongosolo la meridians ndi kufanana, amene amaoneka pa mapu padziko lapansi, ndi maukonde digiri.

Ndi ziwiri ooneka enieni, monga mwachindunji ndi ndondomeko awiri - ndondomeko kumpoto ndi kufanana. Izi ndi zimene ndondomeko malo osiyanasiyana? Ichi ndi manambala awiri, kanjedza kumpoto ndi longitude. manambala oterowo miyeso amakhala ndi mphindi.

Kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi ananena kuti Lapansi - osati kwenikweni malo, iye anali pang'ono flattened. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? equator kutalika makilomita 40,075.7 pamene meridian kutalika - makilomita 40,008.5. Pole pang'ono kwa equator, osachepera padziko lonse si noticeable kwambiri.

The ndege ya spheroid Earth

Ndi aja ndege kungoganiza amene ali kufanana kapena perpendicular kwa olamulira a dziko lapansi, ndi lofunika kwambiri. M'dera la ndege yomwe umadutsa meridian imatchedwa, motero, ndi meridian ndege ya Earth. Lotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo - ndi Greenwich Meridian. Iye ukugawa dziko pa kum'mawa ndi hemispheres kumadzulo. Main ndege kuti umadutsa equator dziko lapansi ndi ukugawa pawiri - kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi.

Koyamba Buku mzere

ndondomeko zonse mopitirira ntchito yachibadwa olimba Masamu. Anasankha Buku mfundo, kani, Buku meridian ndi Buku kufanana kumene ife kuwerengetsa ndondomeko ya kulikonse padziko lapansi. Zero meridian amene umadutsa London anasankhidwa chamtendere, mwa Greenwich Observatory. Monga mzere amene ankaona kuti chiyambi cha kumpoto izo anaganiza motalikitsa meridian - equator.

Mfundo zosangalatsa za Greenwich meridian. Pali dongosolo la kuyenerera pa ndondomeko zina, ndipo amatchedwa World Geodetic System 84, kapena chidule monga WGS 84 (84 - chaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo), amene ntchito ndi dziko lonse lapansi, ndi chimene ziro meridian ndi ERS Reference Meridian, akudutsa pafupi Greenwich, 5,31 mphindi okhota okha kum'mawa.

mizere Kodi Dziko Lapansi kupereka ufulu ndi longitude

Ana kusukulu nthawi zambiri anasokoneza mfundo izi - ndi meridians ndi kufanana ameneyo ndiye lonse, ndi kuti longitude ya. Choncho, equator - ndicho chiyambi cha kumpoto ndiye pamene Greenwich Meridian ndiye poyambira mzere kwa mawerengedwe a longitude.

ufuluwo Geographical akhoza kukhala mfundo ku madigiri 0 90. Malinga mbali iti kwa dziko ndi mfundo, izo akapatsidwa mtengo kumpoto kumpoto kapena kum'mwera. Mwachitsanzo, New York ali ndi ufulu madigiri 40 Mphindi 43 kumpoto kumpoto ndi Sydney ndi madigiri 33 Mphindi 52 kum'mwera kumpoto. Kwalembedwa motere: ⁴⁰ ° 43 '33 ^wa 52.

Mofananamo, longitude lawolawo. Angagwiritsidwenso masamu ntchito madigiri, mphindi ndipo basi longitude makhalidwe osiyanasiyana monga 0 digiri 180. Kungakhale Western, ngati inu muti mupite kumadzulo kwa meridian yaikulu ndi kum'mawa (ofanana - kum'mawa kwa meridian yaikulu).

Monga kale zinasonyeza kuti ziro meridian umadutsa Greenwich ndipo ali ndi phindu 0 digiri. Ndipo kodi ndi mfundo Earth otchedwa malo osiyanasiyana mitengo yonyamulira ya dzikoli ndi malo awo? Awa ndi mfundo zimene mfundo madigiri nainte kumpoto ndi digiri ya ziro longitude.

kuti adzimvera

Padziko lapansi, komanso pa munda, pali zofunikira mfundo mizere ndi ndege. Kodi pansi mfundo otchedwa malo osiyanasiyana mizati, ife kale anachita nawo. Izi ndi mfundo imene olamulira a diurnal kasinthasintha wa Dziko Lapansi. Ngati ndege umadutsa olamulira ichi ndi mitanda mitengo enieni ndipamene pa mphambano ya dera la Dziko Lapansi, ndipo amatchedwa meridians.

Pali ziro meridian kudutsa mu London, ndi ena ambiri, amene ndi gawo madigiri mpaka 180 (pakhoza kukhala osachepera 180). Ngati ena ndege umadutsa olamulira dziko lapansi wa kasinthasintha, ndicho perpendicular kwa izo, mphambano zawo ndi dera ndi Earth yomweyi. Yomweyi, amene ali kumpoto kwambiri amatchedwa equator. Iye ndi Buku chachikulu ufulu wa. ndondomeko onse amayezedwa madigiri ndi madera ang'onoang'ono - Mphindi, masekondi. Mu digiri imodzi ndi mphindi makumi asanu, ndipo mu miniti imodzi - masekondi makumi asanu. awiri primes posonyeza masekondi (monga kusonyeza mphindi).