Microscope ya Levenguk. Yoyamba kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono

Chimodzi mwa zofunikira kwambiri za Middle Ages ndi chitukuko cha microscope. Kupyolera mu chipangizochi, kunali kotheka kuyang'ana malo osayang'ana maso. Linathandizira kupanga mawonekedwe a makanema a maselo, ndipo analenga chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, makina oonera nyamakazi yoyamba anakhala injini yopanga zipangizo zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri. Anakhalanso zipangizo, chifukwa munthu angayang'ane atomu.

Zolemba zakale pamakina kakang'ono kamakono kakang'ono

Mwachiwonekere, microscope ndi chipangizo chosazolowereka. Ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi chakuti iwo anapangidwa mmbuyo mu Middle Ages. Bambo ake ndi Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Koma, popanda kusokoneza zoyenera za sayansi, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti chipangizo choyambirira kwambiri chinapangidwa ndi Galileo (1609), kapena Hans ndi Zachary Jansen (1590). Komabe, pali zambiri zochepa zokhudza zatsopano, komanso mawonekedwe awo.

Pachifukwa ichi, chitukuko cha Hans ndi Zacharias Jansen sichinatengedwe mozama ngati makina oonera. Ndipo zoyenera za wopanga mapulogalamuyo ndi Galileo Galileo. Chipangizo chake chinali chophatikizidwa pamodzi ndi diso lophweka ndi ma lens awiri. Makina oonera nyamakaziwa amatchedwa kuwala kosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pake, Cornelius Drebbel (1620) anamaliza kukonzekera.

Mwachiwonekere, chitukuko cha Galileo chikanakhala chokhacho ngati Anthony van Leeuwenhoek mu 1665 sanasindikize ntchitoyi pa microscopy. M'kati mwake, anafotokoza za zamoyo zimene anaona ndi diso lake lopangidwa ndi makina oonera nyenyezi. Kukula kumeneku ndi kokongola komanso kosavuta, komanso kovuta kwambiri panthawi yomweyo.

Makina aakuluakulu a Levenguk, patsogolo pa nthawi yake

Microscope ya Anthony van Leeuwenhoek ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mbale ya mkuwa ndi zomangira zowonjezera. Chipangizocho chinkayikidwa mosavuta pa mkono, koma mphamvu yodabwitsa yobisika: imaloledwa kuwonjezera zinthu mu nthawi 275 mpaka 500. Izi zinapindula mwa kukhazikitsa lenti yophatikizapo yazing'ono. Ndipo chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mpaka 1970, akatswiri ofufuza sayansi sanathe kulingalira momwe Levenguk analengera anthu otchuka.

Poyamba ankaganiza kuti diso la microscope linali pamakina. Komabe, izi zingafunike kulimbika kwakukulu ndi zodzikongoletsera zodabwitsa. Mu 1970, maganizo akuti Leuvenook anasungunuka magalasi kuchokera ku galasi. Anachiwotcha, kenako adapukuta dera limene galasi linaikidwa. Izi ndi zophweka mosavuta komanso mofulumira, ngakhale kuti sizingatheke kutsimikizira izi: eni ake a Leuvenhook otsala sanagwirizane kuti ayesere. Komabe, mwa njira iyi n'zotheka kusonkhanitsa makanema a Levenguk ngakhale panyumba.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito makina a micherecope a Levenguk

Mapangidwe a mankhwalawa ndi ophweka kwambiri, omwe amalankhula za kuwoneka kwake kosavuta. Ndipotu, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuzigwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha kutalika kwake kwa disolo. Choncho, musanayambe kulingalira, kunali kofunikira kubweretsa chipangizo kuchokera ku gawo lofufuzidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndikuchotsapo. Ndipo kudula komweko kunali pakati pa kandulo yowonongeka ndi disolo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale microstructure. Ndipo iwo anawonekera ku diso la munthu.

Makhalidwe a michecope ya Levenguk

Malingana ndi zotsatira za kuyesera, kuwonjezeka kwa micherecope ya Levenguk kunali kozizwitsa, mwinanso kunkawonjezeka ndi nthawi 275. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti makina oonera zinthu zakale kwambiri a Middle Ages anapanga chipangizo chimene chinapangitsa kuti chiwonjezere nthawi 500. Nthano za sayansi zakale zimapezeka 1500, ngakhale kuti izi sizingatheke popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta odzaza. Iwo amangokhala kuti sanalipo apo.

Komabe, Leuvenook anakhazikitsa liwu la chitukuko cha sayansi zambiri ndipo adadziwa kuti si onse omwe amawona diso. Pali microcosm, osawoneka kwa ife. Ndipo akadakondwera kwambiri. Kuchokera kwa zaka mazana ambiri ziyenera kuzindikiridwa kuti wofufuzirayo anali mwaulosi molondola. Ndipo lero nyenyezi ya Leuvenook, yomwe chithunzi chake chiri pansi, imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa injini za sayansi.

Ena amaganiza za kukula kwa microscope

Asayansi ambiri lerolino amakhulupirira kuti makina a micherecope a Levenguk sanalengedwe kuchokera pachiyambi. Mwachibadwa, wasayansi ankadziwa zambiri zokhudza kukhalapo kwa optics ya Galileo. Komabe, pokonzekera kwa Chiitaliya, iye alibe zofanana. Olemba mbiri ena amakhulupirira kuti Levenguk anatenga maziko a chitukuko cha Hans ndi Zakariya Jansen. Mwa njira, pafupi ndi microscope ya wotsirizira, nayonso, pafupifupi chirichonse chimadziwika.

Popeza Hans ndi mwana wake Zachary ankagwiritsira ntchito magalasi, chitukuko chawo chinali chimodzimodzi ndi momwe Galileo Galilei analembera. Makina aakulu a Leuvenook ndi chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti chinapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeke ndi nthawi 275-500. Mitundu yochuluka yamakono yotchedwa Yansen ndi Galileo inalibe. Komanso, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa magalasi awiri, iwo anali ndi zolakwa ziwiri. Zinatenga zaka pafupifupi 150 kuti makina a microscope apangidwe ndi makina a micherecope a Levenguk chifukwa cha khalidwe labwino ndi mphamvu yakukweza.

Amaganizira za chiyambi cha lens la micherecope ya Levenguk

Zolemba zakale zimatilola ife kufotokoza zochitika za wasayansi. Malinga ndi Royal Society ya ku England, Leuvenook anasonkhanitsa makompyuta angapo 25. Anakhozanso kutulutsa makilogalamu pafupifupi 500. Sidziwika chifukwa chake sanalenge microscopes yambiri, mwachiwonekere, mapuloteni awa sanaperekedwe bwino kapena anali opanda vuto. Levosuk 9 zokha ndi zazikulu zokha zokha zafika ku lero.

Pali lingaliro lochititsa chidwi lakuti makina a micherecope a Levenguk adalengedwa mothandizidwa ndi mapulaneti a chiwopsezo. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti amangosungunuka dontho la galasi kuti apange. Ena amavomereza kuti amatha kusungunula ulusi wa galasi ndikupanga mapensulo motere. Koma mfundo yakuti kuchokera pa lenti 500 wasayansi atha kupanga makina ang'onoting'ono 25 okha, amalankhula zambiri.

Makamaka, iye amatsimikizira mosagwirizana zonse zifukwa zitatu za chiyambi cha ma lens. Mwachiwonekere, yankho lomalizira silikuwoneka kuti lisapezeke popanda kuyesera. Koma kuti akhulupirire kuti popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyezera bwino kwambiri ndi makina opera ankatha kupanga magetsi amphamvu, ndizovuta kwambiri.

Kulengedwa kwa micherecope ya Levenguk kunyumba

Anthu ambiri, poyesera kuti ayesere kuganiza mozama za chiyambi cha ma lens, adapanga bwino a Levenguk kunyumba. Kuti muchite izi, pamoto wosavuta , muyenera kusungunula ulusi wofiira utsi mpaka dontho likuwonekera. Iyenera kudyetsa pansi, kenako iyenera kukhala mchenga ndi umodzi (moyang'anizana ndi mbali yamkati).

Kugaya kukulolani kuti mupange lenti yopanda phokoso lomwe limakwaniritsa zofunikira za microscopy. Zidzakhala kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi pafupifupi 200-275. Pambuyo pazimenezi, mumangokonzekera pazitsulo zazikuluzikulu ndikuyang'ana zinthu zomwe zimakondweretsa. Komabe, apa pali vuto limodzi: lenti lokha liyenera kutembenuzidwa ku chinthu chophunziridwa ndi mapeto ake. Wosaka nthawi yomweyo akuyang'ana padenga lalitali. Iyi ndiyo njira yokha yogwiritsira ntchito microscope. Levenguk, ndemanga za Royal Scientific Society, zomwe nthawi ina zimamupatsa mbiri yabwino, mwinamwake, momwemo ndi momwe analengera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yake.