Molondola ndi osiyanasiyana unsembe wa moto "Grad". Ananyoza "Grad": a utali wozungulira cha chiwonongeko, TTX, zipolopolo

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za mikangano m'deralo, pambuyo usayake m'madera ambiri kugwa Soviet Union, poyamba gawo la ilo, anali kuika "Grad". Photos of chida ndi zida zankhondo kachitidwe, lofalitsidwa mu manyuzipepala ndi masamba a mabuku internet, kupereka umboni wa kukhalapo Russian asilikali, kapena zithunzi fanizo kumenyana aukali. Mulimonsemo, ngati muli ntchito BM 21, zabwino mokwanira. Mphamvu ya zida ndi mkulu.

"Katyusha" ndi chitukuko NWB

Mu dziko lathu salvo unsembe anaonekera kale kuposa mu dziko lonse. Kwakusiyana Institute Kafukufuku setifiketi dongosolo Launcher Multilaterial, kuwombera mabomba, mu 1938. Kuyambira pamenepo, ntchito kuwongolera MRL zinachitikadi mu USSR pafupifupi mosalekeza, kulandira chitukuko wapadera mu Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. "Katyusha" - ndi lodziwika bwino alonda mortars - anali kumenyana mankhwala regimental echelon, koma kuponya mphamvu zawo angayerekezedwe ndi magulu a. Mfundo ananyoza, mosiyana ndi mivi ndi umodzi-kuwombera, watenga mizu mwa asilikali chifukwa lophweka. Popeza mmasate mochedwa m'ma makumi asanu maroketi anali kwakukulukulu unmanaged, chifukwa ochiritsira ballistic njira yodutsamo ndi olondola kumenya zida zankhondo zida otsika. Osakwanira mafuta amayaka wogawana zimachitika kusinthasintha zinachitika, chifukwa makhalidwe lalikulu kupezeka. N'chongoletsa sangathe Izi zikhoza kokha chachikulu ntchito, chifukwa cha kuti anagunda malo ndi zonse zimene ziri pa iwo nthawi yomweyo anali. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali yodziwika ndi mwansanga ndalama zambiri anthu oti ndi zida. Kuchokera pa luso limene tingaphunzire kuchokera 1939 mpaka 1945, izo anakonza mfundo machitidwe angapo Launch roketi opangidwa yaitali mu USSR. Kukwapula mawu ake onse anakhala BM (Zomenyera nkhondo galimoto), ndi malovyrazitelnoe index a "21", iwo anayamba "Grad". kuukira osiyanasiyana wakhala yokulirapo, poyerekezera ndi "Katyusha", firepower chawonjezeka kambirimbiri.

dongosolo yapita

Mu mmasate mochedwa ndi maganizo salvo kuukira maroketi, komanso zambiri kuti luso roketi, Union utsogoleri asilikali mankhwala ena kukayikirana. Inagunda mwachizolowezi asilikali conservatism pamodzi ndi chidaliro mwa mitundu kutsimikiziridwa zida. Komabe, okonda ambiri a mtundu watsopano wa zida anali wokhoza kumatula kulimbikira, ndi atangochoka magulu kuukira German "Katyusha" anatenga udindo yowotcha, kupanga chiwerengero cha aggressors chisokonezo ndi mantha. The ntchito bwino NWB mu nkhondo imene Europe ndiyeno mu Asia (motsutsa Kwantung grouping la asilikali Japanese) potsiriza analimbitsa utsogoleri Stalinist mu kuganiza za pamaziko a pofuna kukwaniritsa munda wa sayansi asilikali. Mu zoyambirira za 50s zitsanzo atsopano akupangidwa ndi kutengedwa. BM 14 anali MS 140 mamilimita likungosonyeza ndi malo mipherezero akhoza mufika ranges khumi. BM 24 kuwombera ngakhale patali, kuti 16 800 m. Zinaoneka kuti chirichonse changwiro kwambiri kuti akonze zovuta, makamaka poganizira kuti zida zankhondo ambiri nthambi m'malo ndiwofatsa ndi maziko luso, osati amadalira sayansi kupita patsogolo, monga ndege kapena asilikali. Mfuti ndipo howitzers ntchito kwa zaka zambiri popanda likufa kusintha structural, ndi n'zosadabwitsa aliyense. Komabe, maganizo a mlengi kwambiri AN Gonicheva, mukhoza kuchita zambiri. Mu May 1960 iye ndiye analandira ntchito yofunika boma. TTX kukhazikitsa "Grad", chirengedwe zimene anapatsidwa, tinafunika kwambiri upambana magawo a BM 14 ndi BM 24, kale anali mu utumiki.

Ntchito ndipo anagwirizana

Palibe chosintha kapangidwe latsopano poyamba sanali kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Mfundo ndi zambiri apangidwa. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti projectile ndi mafuta olimba, ndi malinga ndi ntchito Unyinji wa asilikali ndi mbali ya zinthu yosungirako mu malo ndi mzere kutsogolo pa nkhani ya nkhondo asilikali. Chida Zowona kukhazikitsa "Grad" akhoza bwino kutsatira njanji tubular mwamphamvu kwambiri mwachindunji ndi vekitala kuyenda pa chiyambi-mmwamba ndi ndege koyamba. The makokedwe choperekedwa ndi projectile ndi chimodzimodzi kuti kuchepetsa kubalalika amapezeka osati kuyamika stabilizers ndi oyenerera pa makona ku mzere wa ndege, koma chifukwa wapadera kalozera-grooves, kudula mu mbiya, monga mmene akuyendera mfuti zida zankhondo. Ndi zinthu zina kuti akhoza kusokoneza magawo kuwombera, ndipo ayenera kulimbana, osati mphamvu za mutu wa kapangidwe gulu, komanso subcontractors. PU analenga SKB-203, chifukwa mabatire anayankha SRI № 6 ndi zokwana likupangika GSKB 47. Dzina "olandirira makalata", ndipo masiku ano anthu ochepa za chinachake anati, kenako, mu 1960, ndipo ngakhale koposa choncho. armament onse analengedwa mobisa, monga kuika "Grad". Photo prototypes anali kusungidwa mumafooda wapadera miimba kwambiri. onse nawo chilengedwe cha NWB latsopano, anapereka lolingana muzimvetsera nondisclosure pangano. Kwa zaka zambiri, palibe ogwira ntchito amakampani chitetezo sanathe kupita kudziko lina, ngakhale mu maiko zokomera.

mayeso

Kumapeto kwa 1961 iye anali wokonzeka kuti kudziyesa woyamba chisanadze unsembe wa ananyoza moto "Grad", ndiye wina. Main zida ndi zida zankhondo Directorate ya Soviet Army m'chaka cha yophika akhala akutayirapo dothi m'dera (Leningrad dera) kwa anakonza Launch 650 maroketi ndipo anapitiriza kuthamanga mayesero pa njira kutalika makilomita 10,000. Sizikudziwika ngati vuto wakhala mofulumira, koma okwana osiyanasiyana galimotoyo wasimidwa, iye anali wokhoza pochitika Km 3300 chokha, kenako chimango wosweka. The galimotoyo anali kuloŵedwa m'malo, koma kunapezeka, vuto sanali mwachisawawa, koma anali zokhudza zonse. Mothandizidwa ndi katundu zazikulu inagwa milatho awiri ndi wolakwika driveshaft. Komabe, mavuto amenewa sanalepheretse kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu. zinthu mayeso, amaika kuthamanga mtunda chinaikidwa. Kukhazikitsa "Grad" kuyambira 1964 anayamba kufika mu mayunitsi asilikali.

limagwirira akuloza

Ndithudi, zofunika kwambiri m'dziko lino ananyoza moto anali mafanizo, anatsimikizira ndi mayeso mfuti, m'malo galimoto ntchito. Ku Moscow kwa Vladivostok, ndi NWB pansi mphamvu zake kuyendetsa palibe amene akupita kupulumutsa, pali njira zina, ndi vuto lililonse kutha kwa makilomita oposa zikwi zitatu analankhula akusonyeza zimene galimotoyo, ambiri, anapangidwa si vuto, ngakhale ndiponso kufunika ena amveke. Unit zazikulu za makina ndi warhead wopangidwa makumi anayi (10 chiwerengero), chitsogozo timachubu, 3 mita yaitali ndipo ndi awiri mkati mwa 122,4 mm. Yowotcha kolowera osiyanasiyana "Grad" zimadalira ndingaliro ya thunthu wagawo wachibale ndege yopingasa, mbali yomwe limanenedwa ndi zochotsa chipangizo. mfundo ili pakati pa tsinde ndi mfundo zake ndi gearbox makina chikukhudza awiri kinematic awiriawiri: a zida kutsinde ndi zida gudumu wotsogolera ndi zida mphutsi, kudzera amene amalenga kukwezedwa ankafuna. Yotengeka ndi limagwirira pogwiritsa wa actuator kapena pamanja.

kupanga zaluso

TTX Fitting "Grad" mwachindunji ndi makhalidwe a mivi ndi chimene akuwombera.

The munition chachikulu MB chafika chida 21 mkulu-zachiwawa 9M22. kupanga ake anapatsidwa kwa mbewu nambala 176, amene mu 1964 anali kutulutsa ndalama 10 chikwi. Pa ntchito Komabe, kampani analephera, mavuto osayembekezereka ndi mavuto mosayembekezereka. Pa kotala woyamba wa mbewu anakwanitsa kumasula 650 mivi ndi zokwana 350 iwo. Kulungamitsa kuyan'anila za dongosolo akanatha kukhala luso limene zimafuna nthawi kuti litsatira, koma kutukula luso m'tsogolo. Pa kuumirira ya General Mlengi Alexander Ganicheva anadziwana ndi njira housings kupanga unatengera nyumba pepala zitsulo zofanana ntchito yopanga zipolopolo zida zankhondo. Poyambirira, Roketi anali kusema zozungulira machined ku billets olimba, zimene zinachititsa kuti mowa mkulu wa zitsulo ndi ndalama zosafunika ntchito. njira ina nzeru wakhala ntchito njira akhomere ndi yopindika projectile stabilizers amene akuwombera atakhala "Grad". 9M22 kuukira osiyanasiyana ndi pang'ono kuposa 20 Km. Chepetsani mtunda si mulingo woyenera mawu olondola. Chiwerengero cha mfundo muyeso wa pazipita lapansi. Ndipotu, osachepera yowotcha osiyanasiyana makhazikitsidwe "Grad", kukhala mu 5 Km, pokhapo titachitapo moto n'zotheka ndi utali wozungulira wa makilomita chimodzi ndi theka, koma ndi pangozi yaikulu chonde kupita kumene mukufuna, kuti ochulukaŵa zowononga mphamvu ya zida zingachititse zotsatira zoipa kwambiri.

"M'zigawo" umisiri ndi wolungamitsidwa. chida nyumba wakufikani kukhala kosavuta. Amaona kupanga, koma kupambana chachikulu. osiyanasiyana unsembe wa moto "Grad" chawonjezeka zayamba. Pa yemweyo projectile misa-kaja iye akanakhoza kugunda chandamale.

roketi Launch

Mu mbiri ya mikangano m'dera nkhani zinachitika pamene zipolopolo anafuna MB 21, anali kuthamanga ndi mapepala slate anapereka njerwa lophunzitsa mbali ankafuna. Mu milandu, kumene, kumenya molondola anali otsika. njira wothandiza akhoza m'malo ndi mbewu "Grad". Photos of Middle East zigawenga poyesa kuwononga kuti chipani zina pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo improvised apangidwa makamaka kuti kupereka kuthamanga maganizo.

9M22 chida akulemera makilogalamu 66 ndi kutalika 2870 mm. Kulimbana chipinda ali yolemera makilogalamu 18,4 ndipo lili makilogalamu 6.4 wa TNT. Poyambira kumachitika pamene magetsi zimachitika poyatsira lama fuyusi. The mafuta olimba wapangidwa ndi zidutswa ziwiri okwana kulemera kwa makilogalamu 20,4. Kumapangitsa mutu wa lama fuyusi amapereka Kujambula (Kujambula-U), amene akukhala cocked basi pambuyo kuchoka kwa chombo pa mamita 200-400. Mbiya projectile masamba, ndi liwiro la 50 m / C, kenako Iyamba 700. m / s. Yowotcha kolowera osiyanasiyana "Grad" akhoza chongopeka okha mwa mphete ananyema (zikuluzikulu kapena zing'onozing'ono). Mu 1963, NII 147 akatswiri analenga kugawikana projectile mankhwala zosinthika, anatchulidwa "Nyanja" (9M23), amene ali yemweyo makhalidwe ntchito ngati 9M22.

Ndale 9M22 ndi "Leica"

Mayesero asonyeza bwanji ndi chida cha mphamvu unsembe wa "Grad". Chotupa dera salvo zonse za 1.050 sq. mamita pamene chidwi ndi anthu oti, ndi 840 sq. mamita galimoto oti muli nazo zida.

pofuna kukwaniritsa hardware wa projectile fuze kwambiri. "Nyanja" cholinga chowapatsa nawo embodiments awiri (mawotchi ndi makina ounikira). ordnance yapamwamba iliyonse zachiwawa chimakhala aluso ngati ikuchitika pa kumuchotsera kutalika akadakwanitsira, kuphatikizapo projectile kuti akuwombera kukhazikitsa "Grad". Chotupa m'dera zidutswa ndi poizoni pa mwambo wa mamita 30 kuchokera ukuwonjezeka pamwamba zikuchepa Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito makina ounikira fuze amachepetsa osiyanasiyana pazipita pa mamita 1600.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida za "Castle"

M'nthawi ya ulimi BM 21 ankagwira ntchito zonse kusintha wogwila kulenga zida zatsopano (wapadera). Iwo akhoza mlandu khwekhwe aliyense "Grad". 3M16 makaseti zipolopolo ndi mutu gawo 9M42 kuwala mwa malo theka yokha mkati 500 mamita kuchokera tsiku kuwala 9M28K amamwaza Landmines (3 aliyense), kudzikonda liquidating kwa maola 16-24. RS 9M519 kulenga kusokonezedwa zisathe m'deralo.

BM 21 makamaka amagwiritsa munitions yosavuta unguided, koma pali wapadera wa zipolopolo, monga 9M217 okonzeka chipangizo samopritselivaniya ndi chokhala mlandu kulimbana ndi akasinja.

Analengedwa ndi utsi pafupipafupi zotchinga ndi kuchuluka zipolopolo mphamvu, ndi zina zambiri zodabwitsa zosasangalatsa pakuti mdani, kumene mlandu unsembe "Grad". The utali wozungulira chiwonongeko likupitirirabe woopsa mphamvu ukuwonjezeka, yolondola ali bwino.

Akweza BM 21

dongosolo wangwiro ndi odalirika ntchito ndi magulu ankhondo a m'mayiko ambiri, ndipo walandira kuzindikira konsekonse chifukwa chomasuka yokonza ndi zodalirika, ngakhale zaka chidwi, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi tingachidziwe patsogolo chifukwa patsogolo posachedwapa sayansi, makamaka pazankhani.

Mu 1998 msonkhano wamakono zozama za mbewu "Grad" wasonyeza mu Orenburg. Photos ndi kanema wa makina, nthawi imeneyi si asilikali a boma ndi zasindikizidwa ndi kutsogolera njira yonse uthenga zambiri. Mosiyana ndi chitsanzo zazikulu ndi pamaso pa siteshoni moto ulamuliro amatchedwa "Skit-B2", analengedwa pa maziko a mkulu-liwiro kompyuta "Baget 41." Kapangidwe ilinso ndi moto ulamuliro dongosolo meteosystems, navigation determinant zatsopano ozimbayitsidwa kulankhulana zida ntchito mwa yaotomatiki mode deta kuwombola. Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana khwekhwe "Grad" yowotcha kawiri (40 km). Kukweza ntchito ndi mivi ballistic, ndi stabilizers latsopano ndi mayikidwe changwiro choposa. latsopano mafuta osakaniza ndi mu njira ya chitukuko.

Pa ntchito ndi kuzindikira njira zatsopano modernize, kuti kuchepetsa nthawi ya potsegula ndi makhalidwe ena ntchitoyo "Grad". M'zaka zaposachedwapa zipangizo gulu, ntchito zimene angadwale mlingo wa luso chozemba ku makina ounikira ndi kuti atsogolere ntchito yomanga. Ambiri mwina, mu pafupi tsogolo unsembe wa ananyoza moto "Grad" mmalo mwa mbiya tubular kutulutsa polima nthawi maswiti bala zimene zikanatha kuchepetsa ndi recharge nthawi Mphindi 5.

SZU modernized pamodzi ndi machitidwe atsopano "prima" posachedwapa adzalandira Russian onyamula Zikuchititsa. Pali zimene mungachite kuti unsembe osati pa nsanja galimoto, komanso pa zombo zina. Salvo atakhala "Grad" Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chitetezo mchitidwe zapansi pagombe.