Mowa: mowa Apafupi. mowa Keynesian ntchito

Mowa, kudya ntchito - imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri za chiphunzitso ano zachuma. mosiyana kulungamitsidwa wa kutsogolera akuti ndi zofunika kwambiri kusiyana kumvetsa alili ake amkati.

Lingaliro la mowa ndi ndalama

ndalama ndi ntchito mowa ndi zofunika kwambiri kumvetsa akamanena za chuma msika mu kutanthauzira yake yosiyanasiyana. Mu yofala kwambiri mowa imatengedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito boma, cholinga chachikulu cha zimene - kugula kwa chuma ndi katundu wa utumiki uliwonse. Ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri ndi katundu awa ntchito basi kukumana ndi munthu aliyense payekha ndiponso osowa mwakuthupi ndi mwauzimu.

Mowa, kudya ntchito ali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya ndalama. Havayo, sali kanthu koma monga mbali ya ndalama chifukwa zinthu zina kuti nthawi imeneyi ndi makuponi ndipo otchedwa chitetezo khushoni kwa tsiku mvula. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndalama zina zikhoza padera ndi nzika za ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kutembenuzira nthawi imodzi kuti aganyali nazo. Ndi chikoka ndiponso mogwirizana kwa zinthu za chuma monga mowa, chuma ndi ndalama, ndipo ndi vuto limodzi waukulu imene asayansi ndi chuma cha XX ndi XXI zaka. A udindo wapadera nyimbo ndi ntchito za D. Keynes.

The chakudya waukulu JM Keynes

D. Keynes kuti anali mmodzi wa kanjedza zofunika kwambiri m'zaka sayansi zachuma. anathandiza kuti substantiation ongolankhula wa zosiyanasiyana nkhani zazikulu za citukuko anaona angapo mphoto dziko ndi mayiko, komanso kuoneka wapadera akuti - "Keynesianism" ntchito uzipereke m'dera wapadera mu chiphunzitso Wachiwiri-zachikhalidwe.

mowa Keynesian ntchito - chimodzi chabe cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mfundo zake neoclassical. Kwenikweni awo, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi chakuti aliyense zolemba dongosolo msika osakhazikika, ndi pa zina - kuti timafunikira yogwira mfundo za boma pa lamulo ndi phukusi mu dongosolo. Kudzutsa kufunika, wasayansi adalionetsera ntchito yake, boma lili mwayi posachedwapa kuthetsa vutoli. Mowa, kupulumutsiramo ndi ndalama kusewera mu nkhani iyi, ntchito zofunika kwambiri.

Ntchito ndalama ndi katundu monga mbali ya mapangidwe kufunika ogwira

Mu kuwerengetsera wake ongolankhula D. Keynes anapita ku chakuti vuto lalikulu chiphunzitso iliyonse chuma kulenga bwino pakati okwanira ndi anthu, ndi oyamba ayenera kukhala patsogolo wachiwiri. Nayenso ankafuna ogwira - ndi chinthu chofunikira kwa kuwonjezeka okhazikika mlingo ndalama mayiko, zomwe ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya boma lililonse la zachuma msika.

Choncho, Keynesian mowa ntchito - ndi maziko a chitukuko bwino kwa anthu onse. A mbali yaikulu mu kutanthauzira yake ndi kukhazikitsa chili ndi boma.

Mowa ndi matabwa ake

Poyerekeza ndi ndalama ndi chuma, kumwa, kumwa ntchito kumathandiza kwambiri otchuka mu lalikulu mankhwala zoweta dziko lililonse. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, ndi oposa 50%, pamene mu United States mu dziko lathu - pafupifupi 70%. Choncho, mowa - chizindikiro kiyi ubale msika ndi digiri ya boma chikoka pa njira chuma dziko.

The mowa dongosolo zambiri monga ndalama zonse banja makamaka. Komabe, kukhala kosavuta kupenda mowa zoweta chipangizo kudutsa dziko, zambiri kusiyanitsa magulu angapo yaikulu ya katundu ndi ntchito, mlingo wa kupeza zomwe anthu ali m'magulu angapo. Amaganiza kuti chifukwa cha katundu anagula banja lililonse yeniyeni - ndi wapadera, kotero kuwunika chonse ntchito otchedwa chitsanzo cha mowa ntchito.

Engel ndi chitsanzo: chikhalidwe ndi zotsatira

Model, limene limafotokoza mowa ntchito mu zachuma, linatchedwa Engel chitsanzo, pambuyo wotchuka ziwerengero German theka lachiwiri la XIX m'ma ndi E. Engel.

The German wasayansi, popanga malamulo awo, zochokera chakuti gulu pa n'zofunika ndalama ali motere: chakudya, zovala, nyumba (nyumba), mayendedwe, umoyo ndi maphunziro, anapeza ndalama.

Komabe, Engel osati kuzindikiridwa magulu awa, koma anasonyezanso chitsanzo yotsimikizika: ngati ndalama banja pa nyengo zina za ukuwonjezeka nthawi, ndalama chakudya kuwonjezera, kuchepetsa nawo dongosolo okwana mowa. Komabe, mofulumira kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka mu revenues ayenera kukula ndalama, chifukwa malinga Engel, iwo ndi gulu la katundu mwanaalirenji.

mowa Keynesian ntchito: zinthu zazikulu kulimbikitsa kusankha nzika patsogolo

D. Keynes anali kwakukulukulu kugwirizana ndi mfundo Engel Komabe, ndinapereka zambiri yomalizidwa maonekedwe ndi mwamasamu umboni. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chake, kumwa ndi anatsimikiza ndi zinthu zotsatirazi.

Choyamba, awa revenues kuti ali mbadwa pambuyo chobwezera cha misonkho onse kuvomerezedwa ndi malipiro boma. ndalama izi disposable - maziko ndalama tsogolo kwa nzika zonse.

Chachiwiri, Keynes mowa ntchito kumatanthauza chizindikiro zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga chiŵerengero cha mlingo wa ndalama (ie mowa) kwa ndalama okwana. Chinthu akutchedwa propensity pafupifupi kudya, ndiponso malinga ndi wasayansi ndi, chiŵerengero ayenera pang'onopang'ono kuchepa ndi kuwonjezeka ndalama.

Pomaliza, achitatu, Keynes makamaka anayambitsa chinthu monga mlingo lenileni la propensity kudya. chiŵerengero Izi zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha mowa mu ndalama ndi kuti nzika za walandira owonjezera ndalama zawo zakale.

The postulates yaikulu ya Keynes

Mowa, kudya ntchito, zomwe zachitika ndipo anatsimikizira mwamasamu odziwika zachuma, anatsogolera kunena kuti ndi kukula kwa ndalama banja ndi kuonjezera ndalama zake pa mowa. Komabe, ndi ichi - lingaliro chifungulo cha Keynes, osati onse ndalama zina udzakhala mowa, gawo la izo zikhale ndalama ndi ndalama. Mfundo yaikulu kumamukopa izi yogawa anagwira wasayansi zotsatirazi:

1. Mowa - ndi chimene ndiyo njira ya moyo osauka ndi makalasi pakati. Ngati tikulankhula osankhika pano pafupifupi onse ndalama zina inasanduka ndalama kapena ndalama.
2. Mowa kumadalira osati kokha pa ulaliki wa munthu ndi banja, komanso malo ochezera. Inatsimikizira kuti ngakhale anthu ndi ndalama osati kwambiri amakonda (osachepera pang'ono) kugula zinthu zimene anapeza zasekondale ndi apamwamba strata wa anthu, kumachita monga ngati muyezo chikhalidwe. N'chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri mlingo wa ndalama kwa strata m'munsi mpaka pansipa ngakhale zimene iwo akhoza kukhala.
3. Izi mlingo ndalama kugwa mowa kumaonjezera pa mtengo wake woposa idagwa mu ndondomeko iwowo.

Poti zazikulu postulates awa a Keynes ndi kupanda akwera mwachindunji (kapena atsikira) ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa chuma banja ndi kukula mowa.

Mawonekedwe chifaniziro cha ntchito

mfundo zonse zakuya ndi malingaliro Keynes analandira kugwirizana bwino ndi ndandanda mowa. Mowa ndandanda ntchito ndi mzere woongoka, ili pa ngodya kwa olamulira yopingasa, phindu lake zosakwana 45 °, zambiri otukuka msika mu chimangidwe nkhani.

Pafupifupi mfundo zomwe intersects nthawi yake sikhala umene anapeza onse anapita ku mowa, otchedwa ndi mfundo imene palibe ndalama, koma banja sizikupanga ngongole. Kudzanja lamanja la nchito imeneyi ndi zone ndalama zabwino ndi kumanzere - zoipa, ndiko kuti, munthu woteroyo amakakamizidwa kutenga ngongole kuti m'chitetezo osachepera mfundo zabwino.

mowa ntchito ndi mzere anakafika kumanja. Pofuna kudziwa mlingo wa mowa, m'pofunika kuwerengera mtunda kuchokera Y-olamulira mpaka mu funso. Pa nthawi yomweyo quantified ndalama kuchita masamu, popeza kudula ku kugwira ntchito kwa bisector lapansi.

Psychological malamulo Keynes

Monga tanena, mwa zina, wasayansi American koyamba mfundo za sayansi "propensity mmphepete kudya", umene uli quotient kukula mowa kwa ndalama. Ndi chifukwa cha ubwenzi anatuluka wotchuka "chilamulo maganizo Keynes".

Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo umenewu ndi umboni ndandanda wa mowa - apamwamba mlingo wa ndalama munthu weniweni kapena banja makamaka, ambiri a ndalama ndi zina kupita ndalama. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ndalama akhoza aweruzidwe mlingo moyo banja ndi mlingo wa chitukuko chuma cha anthu lonse.

malamulo umenewu ndi umboni komanso anakonza m'zaka za m'ma XIX, mfundo ya zofunikira. Ntchito ogula zofunikira kwapatsidwa mwa ubale wosangalala ubwino onse ndi chiwerengero cha katundu anapeza zinthu zina. The apamwamba mlingo ndalama, ndi digiri ya phindu la zinthu anapeza pamwamba.