Natural nzeru ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano monga kupitiriza miyambo yakale

Anzeruwo akhala akuyesa kumufotokozera za zomveka - Amachititsa njira kunachitika izo, ubale zochitika zake, kudziwa cholinga cha izo, ndi chifukwa chachikulu kapena chachikulu. Malangizo nthanthi ankatchedwa nzeru achilengedwe. Gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha mbali iyi linali nzeru zachibadwa za Kale, oimira ambiri lililonse limene imatengedwa Milesian sukulu ndi otsatira a Pythagoras (chisanadze Socratic nthawi, VII-VI m'ma BC).

Anzeruwo sukulu Milesian amadziwika pragmatism ndi kufufuza mfundo limodzi zachilengedwe pamodzi ndi zoyambitsidwa othandiza monga zida zakuthambo, mapu, sundials. Choncho, Thales anakhulupirira nkhaniyi moyo, koma makamaka poyamba zinthu - madzi. Anaximander otchedwa primordial kanthu "apeiron" pokhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha zotsutsana alipo mmenemo (otentha-ozizira), dziko analowa kukhala. Iye analinso gilozoistom, amene amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo kanthu. Anaximenes ankaimira mfundo yoyamba monga mpweya, ndi Heraclitus - moto. Pythagoras ndi Pythagoreans anaona masiku a maziko lachinsinsi la zinthu zonse ndipo chizindikiro chawo encrypted. Iwo onse amakhala amakhulupirira kuti chirichonse chiri cholukanalukana mu mlengalenga, zamoyo, chirichonse - anthu, milungu, nyama - ndi malo awo ndi cholinga.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nzeru kuti lofotokoza chikhalidwe mofananamo ndipo ngakhale kuti ena mmene kubwezeretsa cosmocentrism Kale, kachiwiri anatuluka mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano. nzeru Natural ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano amakhala ndi pofuna kufotokoza chikhalidwe osati kokha, komanso kugwirizanitsa nzeru wachikristu cosmocentrism ndipo ngakhale pantheism. Ongolankhula ndi epistemological malo a mode ndi maganizo moyenerera a Nikolayu Kuzanskomu, amene acokela ku banja wamba, amene anakhala kadinala. Iye anayesetsa kufotokoza nzeru ndiponso ziphunzitso za zizindikiro masamu, ngati Pythagoreans, komanso m'Malemba mtundu wa adzadziwire Nature ndi Mulungu. Mulungu, kuchokera amazionera Nikolaya Kuzanskogo - ndiko mtheradi, amene ali yemweyo osachepera ndi pazipita, koma ndi Mtheradi mu "anakomoka" mawonekedwe kupezeka kwa chikhulupiriro. Iye "zikuchitikazo" mu chilengedwe, ndipo kenako maganizo angathe kumvetsa izo. Iye amasonyeza maganizo ochepa kuti mwachidwi, monga chiphunzitso Copernican, ndi zinthu za pa dialectic Hegelian.

nzeru Natural ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, wololera Nikolaem Kuzanskim, anayamba kupanga ndipo makamaka zochokera Neapolitan Bernardino Telesio. Mulungu, ndithudi, analenga dziko, pokhala kugula woyamba, kuthira mu dziko, koma Iye sakhudzidwa dziko, ndi chifukwa iwowa chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mfundo za nkhaniyo. zinthu zonse zakuthupi, ngakhale mfundo ndi zinthu wosawonekayo. Chifukwa ndi sayansi amayitanidwa kuti akadziwe chikhalidwe cha omwe ndi palokha ndipo ndiyekhayo chidziwitso. Kuphunzira chikhalidwe, inu mukhoza kupita kwa Mulungu. Iye nakhalanso yakale yoyendera hylozoism poganiza kuti nkhani zonse amakwanitsa kumva, ndi kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso chakuti onse kuyenda mu chikhalidwe kwaiye pamaso pa zotsutsana.

Bernardino Telesio analenga m'tauni dera lake ofufuza chikhalidwe (Academia Telesiana). Tikhoza kunena kuti nzeru achilengedwe a Kubadwa Kwatsopano umaimiridwa ndi naturalists wa nthawi, monga Leonardo da Vinci, The njira ya kuphunzira chikhalidwe ndi mwachidwi, njira experimentally-masamu wa kufufuza za Francis Bacon. Yopangidwa njira ya Galileo Galilei, lomwe ndi chimodzimodzi Telesio, iye ankakhulupirira kuti Mulungu analenga dziko, koma iye ayamba kukhala motsatira malamulo awo, ndi kuphunzira awo n'chotheka kudzera mwa zatsopano.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya Nikolay Kopernik, Iogann Kepler ndi Tycho Brahe, monga kanjedza ambiri Kubadwa Kwatsopano, nayenso, achititsa kuti nzeru za chilengedwe. nzeru Natural ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano amapangitsa kuti Copernicus kuti ntchito yake "Pa Revolutions wa matupi akumwamba," iye anachotsa Earth kuchokera m'mwamba, ndi munthu wa "maganizo" pakatikati pa thambo, kuika Cosmos, ngakhale paradigmatu sayansi nthawi yake. Nzosadabwitsa pa manda ake anati, "anaimitsa dzuwa ndipo anasamukira Dziko Lapansi". Kepler ndi Tycho Brahe mwamasamu anawatsimikizira chiphunzitso Copernican wa kufalitsa mapulaneti ndi kudziwa malamulo a m'gulu lawo.

nzeru Natural ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano wapereka kanjedza awiri chidwi - ndi Giordano Bruno ndi Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombast wa Gogeghayma). Bruno komanso sanatsutse kuti Mulungu uli kusungunuka mu chikhalidwe, choncho Nature ali kukhala wopandamalire limati awo onse (modes wa) - kutanthauza mu mzimu ndi danga. Choncho, ayenera kukhala si dziko lokha, koma maiko ambiri, ndipo Dzuwa - ndi wina wa nyenyezi. Monga nzeru ena kwambiri zachilengedwe, Bruno amadziwikanso ankaona chikhalidwe cha chuma ndipo nthawi yomweyo chamoyo atanyamula umodzi wa mfundo zonse. Paracelsus anali dokotala, zakuthambo, ndi alchemist. Iyenso, anali otsimikiza kuti chikhalidwe pali chiyanjano ambiri, ndi kuti zosangalatsa kwambiri, koma ine ndikukhulupirira kuti chibwenzi - "zamatsenga ndi lachinsinsi" chifukwa nkotheka chimodzi chofunika kwa "Kupezeka kwa chilengedwe". nzeru Natural anali wotchuka osati m'mibadwo yake - za iye anali lodziwika bwino ndipo ndi Doctor Faustus prototypes mabuku European.