Nzeru za m'ma XX. Neo - Wachiwiri ndi ... Oyimirira kufotokoza ndi mbali

Neo - ichi sukulu wamaganizo, womwenso lingaliro la empiricism. Njira iyi ndi kufufuza dziko ndi ntchito zinachitikira kwenikweni. Ndipo kudalira mfundo, rationality ndi masamu kuti athe dongosolo kudziwa. Kukamba positivism amadziwikanso mwinamwake otchedwa limeneli, limanena kuti ngati kuthetsa zinthu zonse kuti n'zosatheka kudziwa, dziko amadziwika. Neo, amene mamembala moyo makamaka mu Warsaw ndi Lvov, Berlin, ndipo ngakhale mu United States, monyadira kunyamula udindo. Pambuyo First World nkhondo, ambiri a iwo anasamuka kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic, amene anathandiza kuti kufalitsa cha ziphunzitso.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Choyamba analankhula za malangizo atsopano a Ernst Mach ndi Lyudvig Vitgenshteyn. Malinga iwo zinaoneka Wachiwiri - ndi kaphatikizidwe metaphysics, logic ndi sayansi. Mmodzi wa iwo ngakhale analemba ndemanga pa mfundo, zomwe anatsindika udindo chapakati cha sukulu akutulukira:

1. maganizo athu malire ndi chinenero Chotero kwambiri munthu amadziwa chinenero ndi onse mapangidwe ake, patsogolo chimafikira maganizo ake.
2. Pali wina dziko, mfundo, zochitika ndi sayansi kupita patsogolo yekha mtima, monga ife mukuganiza kuti.
3. Aliyense mwatsatanetsatane akuganizira dziko monga chomangidwa ndi malamulo ofanana.
4. Aliyense chiganizo zovuta akhoza unagwa mu wamba ochepa, wopangidwa makamaka mfundo.
5. Apamwamba mitundu ya moyo inexpressible. Mwachidule, kuchuluka wauzimu sangathe anayeza ndi linanena bungwe monga chilinganizo sayansi.

Machism

Mawu amenewa kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za tanthauzo la "positivism". ndiAmene ake ankaona Mach ndi Richard Avenarius.

Mach anali Austria wasayansi nzeru zapamwamba, anaphunzira zimango, mphamvu gasi, zowulutsira, Optics ndi otorhinolaryngology. The lingaliro lalikulu ndi Machism chokuchitikirani ayenera kupanga maganizo a dziko. Positivism ndi Wachiwiri-positivism ngati chiphunzitso, kumenyera njira wazotsatira a chidziwitso, anakana Machism, mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe - nzeru limakhudza kukhala sayansi kuti amaphunzira tanthauzo anthu. Ndipo njira yokha am'dziwe dziko lenileni.

chuma cha ganizo

Neo-nzeru - masomphenya atsopano vuto akale. "Economy wa ganizo" kodi kuloledwa kuphimba munthu pazipita mafunso ndi osachepera khama. Ndi izi njira wanzeru anayambitsa Wachiwiri-ankaona kwambiri yovomerezeka zomveka bungwe kafukufuku. Komanso, nzeru ena awa akukhulupirira kuti imathandizira zoyambitsidwa sayansi ndi mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe a chinenero ayenera kuchotsedwa iwo.

Mach ankakhulupirira kuti losavuta kumva sayansi, kotero izo ziri pafupi kuti ganizoli. Ngati tanthauzo la pazipita ndi kukonza mosavuta komanso momveka, izo zimanyezimiritsa chithunzi choona cha dziko. Machism maziko a Wachiwiri, iye anazindikiritsidwa ndi "zamera-zachuma" chiphunzitso cha kudziwa zinthu. Physics wataya chigawo ake akamabadwa, nzeru anakhalanso njira yokhayo yosanthula chinenero. Choncho Wachiwiri-naye. nthumwi zake anafuna losavuta ndi ndalama kumvetsa dziko, kuti iwo mwina anapambana.

Vienna bwalo

Pa Dipatimenti ya University Vienna wa inductive sayansi bwalo la anthu ofuna kuphunzira za sayansi ndi nzeru nthawi yomweyo. Phata maganizo a bungwe anali Moritz Schlick.

David Hume angatchedwe munthu wina kulimbikitsa Wachiwiri. mavuto amene ankaona zovuta kuzimvetsa sayansi Mulungu, moyo, ndi mbali akamabadwa, sanali chinthu kafukufuku. mamembala onse a Vienna Circle anali mwamphamvu kukhulupirira kuti zinthu osati kutsimikiziridwa empirically, ndi wofunika kwambiri ndipo musati amafuna kuphunzira zambiri.

mfundo epistemological

Pa "Vienna School" anali kukonza mfundo za chidziwitso cha dziko. Nawa ena a iwo.

1. nzeru yonse ya anthu zochokera maganizo imalandira. zinthu zina simungathe zogwirizana. Kodi munthu sangathe kumvetsa empirically, kulibe. Choncho anabadwa mfundo zambiri: iliyonse sayansi akhoza kusanduka ndimavutika, zochokera maganizo imalandira.
2. Tikudziwa kuti timalandira kudzera tanthauzo kuzindikira, ndi zoona mwamtheradi. Iwo anayambitsa mfundo mfundo zoona ndi protocol kuti anasintha maganizo kuti formulations asayansi ambiri.
3. Mwamtheradi onse a ntchito za kudziwa zinthu zochepa za zotengeka analandira. Neopositivists dziko ndi kuchotsedwa zidindo, anakonza ziganizo yosavuta. Positivism ndi Wachiwiri anakana kupereka tanthauzo kunja dziko, mfundo ndi zinthu zina akamabadwa, akuganiza ogwirizana. Ntchito yawo yaikulu inali kuti i kwa ziyenera a zomverera munthu ndi akuwalamulira.

mfundozo

Kukana maganizo apamwamba ndi mavuto mitundu yeniyeni ya chidziwitso ndi chomasuka chiphunzitso kwambiri kusokoneza chinthu monga Wachiwiri. Zimenezo dzi ku mbali angathe. mfundo ziwiri zofunika kuti akhala ngodya ya zikuchikazi, anakonza motere:

- Kuthetsa vuto lililonse amafuna mawu ake mosamala, choncho mfundo ndi chapakati nzeru ndi.

- Aliyense chiphunzitso, osati zolemba, ayenera kupezeka kuti akaone njira wazotsatira wa cognition.

postpositivism

Positivism, Wachiwiri-positivism, postpositivism - limasonyeza mu unyolo chomwecho maganizo. Zotsatira nthanthi anaonekera pa nthawi imene asayansi anazindikira kuti liyenera abstracts onse sayansi chokhazikika pa umboni wazotsatira, sikutheka. Mofanana analephera ndipo amafuna kuti achotse ku nzeru za metaphysics, kuwukitsa vuto tingachipeze powerenga wa munthu ndi anthu. Kuzindikira kwambiri mfundo imeneyi wakonza kunena kuti Wachiwiri - izo sikuthandiza dongosolo kwa chiphunzitso cha kafukufuku wa sayansi. Chabwino silingakonzedwenso inali ntchito ya Karla Poppera "mfundo wotulukira sayansi." Patsogolo logic ndi ovuta tione vuto, ndi sayansi, ndiye uliwonse Ndipotu anali angafunike umboni m'munsi.

Positivism ndi Wachiwiri lotha kwa mofulumira ikusintha sayansi kupita patsogolo. Pakufunika zoonanso ndi wamba nthanthi njira. Postpositivism ankaona inadmissible kugawana za sayansi ndi nzeru, anakana chitsutso okhwima kuti metaphysics, ndi mbali zina za munda wa mfundo zongopeka. Neo-nzeru - anali mwayi pa logicians maganizo. Koma iwo imawonongeka omasuka ndi empiricism pa maziko a tsogolo ikuyandikira mofulumira.