Njira yopezeka bwino mu kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti

M'dziko lamakono, aliyense akhoza kuyesa dzanja lake pa bizinesi. Pali mwayi wochuluka, pali zolepheretsa, choncho zonse zomwe mukusowa ndizolakalaka. Komabe, izi zokha sizidzakwanira. Aliyense angatsegule bizinesi yake, koma kuti apitirize kuyendetsa, kuyambitsa ndikupita patsogolo - mayunitsi. Kuti muchite izi, mukufunikira chinachake osati chikhumbo, mukusowa luso, muyenera kuzindikira momwe bizinesi ikugwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mungatenge kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti - anthu ambiri amalonda sakugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe angagwiritse ntchito poyang'anira ntchito zomwe akugwira kapena ogwira ntchito zawo, potero amalakwitsa kwambiri.

Ngati muli ndi zida zina, ndiye kuti mutha kuthana ndi ntchito zawo. Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi simukusowa kukhala wodalirika wa chuma - tangoganizirani njira ya mawu opangidwa. Mu kasamalidwe ka polojekiti, imakulolani kuti mukwaniritse bwino komanso molondola, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi yophunzitsira kosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo. Kodi njira yapamwamba yolandira ndi yotani? Izi ndi zomwe tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Ndi chiyani?

Njira yokhala ndi dongosolo la njira zomwe zimakulolani kuti muyang'ane ndi kuyesa momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera poyerekeza ndi ndondomeko yomwe yapangidwa patsogolo. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zikuwonjezeredwa ku malemba ndikukulolani kuti muwonetsetse bwino momwe mulili polojekitiyi panthawi imodzi, kodi kubwezeretsa kapena kupitilira, kuchuluka kwa bajeti ndikutani, ndi zomwe ziyembekezeretsedwe zidzakhala zotani? Nthaŵi yomaliza ntchitoyi tsiku lovomerezedwa, limene tsopano limatchedwa nthawi yotsiriza.

Ngati tikulankhula za dziko lenileni, ndiye kuti njira yabwino kwambiri ndi yotchuka kwambiri - imagwiritsidwa ntchito paliponse, ndipo mwa njira zoterezi ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kupindula kwakukulu kwa njira iyi sikumangokhala kosavuta, kosavuta komanso kosavuta, komabe kumakhala kosavuta. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mungathe kuchigwiritsira ntchito mulimonse kulikonse ndi ntchito iliyonse imene inu kapena antchito anu mukugwira nawo ntchito. Koma ziribe kanthu kuti njirayi ndi yosavuta bwanji, ikufunikiranso kuwerengedwa, komanso ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito, kotero kuti ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala mulimonse. Kenaka, nkhaniyi idzafotokozera zizindikiro zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira imeneyi, ndipo pamapeto pake chitsanzo chophweka chidzaperekedwa chomwe chingakuthandizeni kuona bwino momwe njirayi ikugwirira ntchito.

PV

Monga momwe mwadziwira kale, njira yapamwambayi ikukuthandizani kuti muwerenge zomwe zasintha panthawiyi, komanso momwe ndalama zimayendera. Choncho, ziwerengero ziyenera kukhala ndi deta yoyamba, yomwe idzafotokozedwa tsopano. Choyamba, muyenera kuyang'ana chizindikiro chomwe chimatchedwa PV, chomwe chimaimira "mawu okonzedweratu". Palibe chovuta apa - chizindikiro ichi ndi chomwe dzina lake likuwonetsera. Ili ndilo mtengo wokonzedweratu wa ntchito zomwe zidzachitike mkati mwa polojekiti - mwazinthu, izi ndizo bajeti ya polojekiti. Ndizochuluka zedi ndipo sizinawerengedwe ndi njira iliyonse. Komabe, ndithudi, chizindikiro ichi chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga zizindikiro zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa njira iyi. Njira ya mulingo woyenerera imakulolani kuti muyese zotsalira za bajeti molondola momwe zingathere. Komabe, kodi mawuwa ndi otani kwambiri?

EV

Njira yowonjezera mu kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti ndi yabwino chifukwa imakulolani kuyang'anitsitsa zonse zomwe zili pulojekiti inayake komanso zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo mungathe kuchita izi, mwachitsanzo, mothandizidwa ndi chizindikiro ichi, chomwe chiri dzina la njira yonseyo. Izi ndizo ndalama zomwe zakhala zikudziwika bwino, koma zikuimira chiyani? Ngati bukuli linakonzedweratu linali lophweka komanso lomveka bwino, ndiye kuti liwu labwino lirilonse silimveka bwino. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ichi si chizindikiro cholondola, koma choyesa chimodzi - chikuwonetsera mtengo wokonzedweratu wa ntchito zokhazo zomwe zinkachitika makamaka pa nthawi yomweyi ya polojekitiyo. Choncho, chiwonetserochi chiwerengedwa poyesa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito pulojekitiyi - ndipo imapatsidwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikuwerengedwera ndi zomwe ndondomeko ya bajetiyo inakonza pa nthawi yomweyi. M'mawu ake zimamveka ngati zosokoneza, koma mungathe kuzikonza. Ngati simukumvetsa zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti muzindikire voliyumu, ndiye kuti muyembekezere kufufuza kwachitsanzo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera polojekitiyi, yomwe idzafotokozedweratu.

AC

Monga momwe mwadziwira kale, njira yapamwamba yoyendetsa polojekiti sikumangotenga zithunzi zosiyana siyana, ndi mndandanda wa maubwenzi omwe angakuthandizeni kufufuza momwe polojekitiyi inkagwiritsidwira ntchito. Koma chifukwa cha izi ndikofunikira kuganiziranso chinthu china chofunikira - mtengo weniweni. Monga momwe bukuli linalinganizidwira, mtengo weniweniwo ndi wophweka kwambiri kumvetsa. Kunena zoona, izi ndizo ndalama zomwe panthawiyi polojekitiyi ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito panthawiyi. Mukalandira zonse zigawo zitatu, mukhoza kutenga mgwirizano pakati pawo, womwe ndi mfundo yofunikira, maziko omwe pali njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito poyang'anira ntchito. Ntchito za njirayi ndi zophweka - kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi ntchito yokonzedweratu, komanso kuyerekezeratu ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bajeti. Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi tsopano muli ndi zipangizo zonse zofunika.

SV

Choncho, ndi nthawi yoganizira momwe ntchitoyi ikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomwe yachitidwa. Kunena zoona, phindu limeneli likugwiritsidwa ntchito, lomwe limatanthauza "kupatuka pa dongosolo". Icho chiwerengedwera mophweka - chizindikiro cha PV chimachotsedwa ku EV chizindikiro. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Izi zikutanthauza kuti mumayenera kutenga ndalama zomwe mwazidziwa kuchokera muzomwe mukukonzekera. Kotero inu mukhoza kumvetsa momwe antchito amagwirira ntchito poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe iwo ankayenera kuchita pa nthawi yoganiziridwa. Choncho, mtengo woipa umawonetsa chikhochi pambuyo pa grafu, ndipo mtengo wabwino umasonyeza kusuntha kwake. Njira ya polojekiti yabwinoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pulojekitiyi, yomwe idzakukhudzani - izi zikutanthauza kuti mutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito tsiku loyamba, lakhumi ndi lomaliza. Mu masiku onse a polojekitiyi, njira iyi idzakupatsani inu chidziwitso chothandiza.

CV

Chizindikiro ichi chikufanana kwambiri ndi chakale, kupatula kuti chimasintha kusokonekera osati pa graph, koma kuchokera mu bajeti. Choncho, chifukwa ake kuwerengera m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyana magawo. Mukufunikirabe kuchotsa voliyumuyo (chiwerengerochi, monga chikudziwika ndi dzina la njirayi, ndicho chofunikira), koma nthawi ino sitichotsa voliyumu yokonzedwa, koma mtengo weniweni wa ntchito. Choncho, ngati ndalama zomwe mwazidziwa ndizochepa kusiyana ndi mtengo weniweni, ndalama zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuposa momwe zinalinganizidwira pa nthawi yomweyi, ngati zilipo, ndiye kuti. Zizindikiro ziwirizi ndizofunikira kwa woyang'anira polojekiti iliyonse, ndilo kulandila kwawo ndipo njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi, komatu sizizindikiro zokha zomwe mungathe kuzipeza.

CPI

Kodi ndi chiyaninso china chomwe chimakhala ndi njira yowonjezeramo? Ndi mfundo zazikulu ndi njira zomwe amawerengera kale kale - ndi nthawi yoti muwone zizindikiro zingapo zachibale. Mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko ya misonkhanowu ndi nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe ingakuthandizeni kuti muwone bwinobwino momwe muliri patsogolo kapena nthawi yomwe mumatsalira. Kuti mupeze chizindikiro ichi, muyenera kugawa voliyumu yofanana ndi yomwe yalinganizidwa. Chotsatiracho chikhoza kuwerengedwa ngati chiwerengero chochepa - kapena chingasandulike kukhala magawo kuti awoneke kwambiri. Chotsatiracho chikhoza kuonedwa ngati liwiro la kupita patsogolo peresenti poyerekezera ndi mlingo wokonzedweratu. Zitsanzo zooneka zomwe mungathe kuziwona kenako, pamene polojekitiyi idzayankhidwa.

SPI

Monga momwe zinalili kale, ndondomeko ya SPI imakhala yofanana kwambiri ndi CPI. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ichi ndi chiwerengero chachibale, koma nthawi ino sichiwonetsa liwiro la polojekiti, koma mtengo wa bajeti. Ngati chiwonetsero cha CV chiwonetseratu, ndi ndalama zingati zomwe bajeti sizinagwiritsidwe kapena kupitirira, ndiye cholinga cha parameteryi ndi kusonyeza kuti ndalama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji pa dollar yokonzedweratu. Chotsatira pano chikhoza kukhala dola imodzi (ngati bajeti ikuwonetsedwa kwa zana limodzi), ndi masenti makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu komanso ngakhale dola ndi theka. Kawirikawiri, chizindikiro ichi chimatilola ife kufufuza momwe ndalamazo zimayendetsera kapena kuchotsedwa.

Zosankha zina

Ndizo zizindikiro zonse zofunika zomwe muyenera kukumbukira mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yapamwamba yopangira polojekiti. Chitsanzo chingayambike pakalipano - koma ndibwino kuti mukhale kanthawi ndikuganiziranso zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazambiri zapamwamba ngati mukufuna kupeza zotsatira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri amapitanso ku BAC chizindikiro, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa bajeti ya polojekiti yonse - ndipo kuchokera pamenepo pali mbali zina. Pali chizindikiro cha EAC, chomwe chimaimira "kuyesa kumaliza kumaliza". Zimapereka ndondomeko yomwe ingaganizidwe kuti ingalandire chifukwa cha polojekitiyi pa nthawi inayake. Ngati zizindikiro zam'mbuyomu zinkakuthandizani kuti muyende molondola ndondomeko ya polojekitiyo panthawi inayake, ndiye chizindikiro ichi (ndi zotsatirazi) zidzakuthandizani kuwerengetsa deta yomwe ilipo panthawi yomaliza.

Choncho, chiwerengerocho pomaliza chiwerengedwa chimawerengedwa pagawidwe la bajeti ndi ndondomeko ya mtengo wogwira ntchitoyo. Pankhani ya ETC parameter, imasonyeza chiwerengero chisanafike, kutanthauza kuti ndi zochuluka zotani kukwaniritsa polojekitiyi. Icho chiwerengedwa pochotsa kuchoka ku kulingalira kumapeto kwa mtengo weniweni wa ntchito zonse. Chabwino, piritsi imodzi yowonjezera ndi VAC. Kusokonekera kumeneku kuchokera pa bajeti kumapeto, ndiko kuti, chigawo chomwe chimakulolani kuti muwerengere kuchoka kwa bajeti panthawi yomwe polojekitiyo itatha. Mutha kuzilandira pochotsa chiwerengero cha bajetiyo pomaliza. Ndizo zonse zomwe mukufunikira kudziwa za njirayi - tsopano ndi nthawi yoganizira chitsanzo china.

Chitsanzo cha ntchito

Mwachidziwikire, poyambira koyamba ndi njirayi, sikungakhale kwanzeru kutenga ntchito iliyonse yeniyeni - ndibwino kutenga chitsanzo chosavuta chomwe chidzawonekeratu pazomwe zili pamwambazi. Kotero, chofunika cha polojekiti ndi zotsatirazi - ndikofunikira kumanga makoma anayi masiku anayi, ndikuwononga ndalama zokwana madola 800. Izi ndizo zonse zomwe mungafunike pakuchita. Mu chitsanzo ichi, njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa siteji pafupi ndi kutha, ndiko kuti, tsiku lachitatu la kukhazikitsidwa kwa polojekiti.

Kwa masiku atatu okha makoma awiri ndi hafu anamangidwa, koma panthawi yomweyi, ndalama zokwana 560 za bajeti zatha. Zikuwoneka kuti izi sizingatheke - koma ntchitoyi idapangidwa mochepa. Kodi ogwira ntchitoyi akulimbana bwanji ndi ntchito yawo? Apa ndi pamene njirayi idzakuthandizani. Choyamba muyenera kusokoneza zizindikiro zitatu zofunika - PV, EV ndi AC. Yoyamba ndi $ 600, chifukwa tsiku lachitatu adakonza zoti azigwiritsa ntchito zambiri. Ndalama yachiwiri - madola 500, chifukwa ndiyomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga makoma awiri ndi theka. Ndalama yachitatu - madola 560, ndi antchito ambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga makoma awiri ndi theka pa tsiku lachitatu la polojekitiyo. Komanso, mukhoza kuzindikira mwamsanga chizindikiro cha BAC - ndi $ 800, bajeti yonse ya polojekitiyo. Eya, ndi nthawi yowerengera zolakwika - ndi tsiku ndi mtengo. $ 500 zosachepera $ 560 ndi zosachepera $ 60, ndiko kuti, bajeti inali yaikulu kwambiri. $ Madola 500 osachepera 600 madola - zimakhala zosachepera madola zana, ndiko kuti, pali lag pambuyo pa ndandanda. Ndi nthawi yopanga zizindikirozo molondola, ndiko kuti, kuwerengera CPI ndi SPI. Ngati mutagawanitsa $ 500 mu $ 560, mudzapeza 0.89, ndiko kuti dollar imodzi yamagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa masenti 89 - pakuti dola iliyonse ilipo masentimita 11. Ngati mutagawanitsa $ 500 mu $ 600, mutenga 0.83, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti liwiro la polojekiti likupita ndi 83 peresenti yokha yofulumira.

Ndizo zonse - panopa muli ndi zizindikiro zonse ndipo mumakhala ndi lingaliro la momwe polojekiti yanu ikuyendera pa tsiku lapadera la kukhazikitsidwa kwake. Tsopano mukhoza kuwerengera magawo otsala - EAC, ETC ndi VAC. Malire omaliza ndi 800 ogawanika ndi 0.89. Zikuoneka kuti pa mlingo umenewu, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza ntchitoyi ndi $ 900 m'malo mwa 800. Chiwerengerocho chisanamalizidwe ndi 900 kupatula 560, ndicho $ 340. Ndizomwe zingatenge kuti mutsirize polojekitiyo. Chabwino, kupotoloka kumapeto kudzakhala 800 osati 900 - kupatula $ 100, ndiko kuti bajeti idzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madola zana. Mwachibadwa, njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa siteji ya polojekiti, yomwe ingakhale yosiyana ndi yomwe yasonyezedwa pamwambapa - njira iyi ndiyonse ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi iliyonse.